Parameter-setting-free algorithm to determine the individual sound power levels of noise sources

문성호,Mun, Sungho Korean Society of Road Engineers 2018 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.20 No.3

PURPOSES : We propose a parameter-setting-free harmony-search (PSF-HS) algorithm to determine the individual sound power levels of noise sources in the cases of industrial or road noise environment. METHODS :In terms of using methods, we use PSF-HS algorithm because the optimization parameters cannot be fixed through finding the global minimum. RESULTS:We found that the main advantage of the PSF-HS heuristic algorithm is its ability to find the best global solution of individual sound power levels through a nonlinear complex function, even though the parameters of the original harmony-search (HS) algorithm are not fixed. In an industrial and road environment, high noise exposure is harmful, and can cause nonauditory effects that endanger worker and passenger safety. This study proposes the PSF-HS algorithm for determining the PWL of an individual machine (or vehicle), which is a useful technique for industrial (or road) engineers to identify the dominant noise source in the workplace (or road field testing case). CONCLUSIONS : This study focuses on providing an efficient method to determine sound power levels (PWLs) and the dominant noise source while multiple machines (or vehicles) are operating, for comparison with the results of previous research. This paper can extend the state-of-the-art in a heuristic search algorithm to determine the individual PWLs of machines as well as loud machines (or vehicles), based on the parameter-setting-free harmony-search (PSF-HS) algorithm. This algorithm can be applied into determining the dominant noise sources of several vehicles in the cases of road cross sections and congested housing complex.

Development of a Predictive Model for Cement Stabilised Roadbase

Chai Gray W.,Oh Erwin Y.,Smith Warren Korean Society of Road Engineers 2006 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.8 No.2

Cement stabilisation is a common method for stabilising recycled road base material and provides a longer pavement life. With cement effect, the increment of stiffness in the stabilised layer would provide better load transfer to the pavement foundation. The recycling method provides an environmentally option as the existing road base materials will not be removed. This paper presents a case study of a trial section along the North-South Expressway in West Malaysia, where the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) was implemented to evaluate the compressive strength and in-situ stiffness of the cement stabilised road base material. The improvement in stiffness of the cement stabilised base layer was monitored, and samples were tested during the trial. FWD was found to be useful for the structural assessment of the cement-stabilised base layer prior to placement of asphalt layers. Results from the FWD were applied to verify the assumed design parameters for the pavement. Using the FWD, an empirical correlation between the deflection and the stiffness modulus of the pavement foundation is proposed.

Mechanistic Analysis of Geogrid Base Reinforcement in Flexible Pavements Considering Unbound Aggregate Quality

Kwon Jay-Hyun,Tutumluer Erol,Kim Min-Kwan Korean Society of Road Engineers 2006 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.8 No.2

The structural response and performance of a flexible pavement can be improved through the use of geogrids as base course reinforcement. Current ongoing research at the University of illinois has focused on the development of a geogrid base reinforcement mechanistic model for the analysis of reinforced pavements. This model is based on the finite element methodology and considers not only the nonlinear stress-dependent pavement foundation but also the isotropic and anisotropic behavior of base/subbase aggregates for predicting pavement critical responses. An axisymmetric finite element model was developed to employ a three-noded axisymmetric membrane element for modeling geogrid reinforcement. The soil/aggregate-geogrid interface was modeled by the three-noded membrane element and the neighboring six-noded no thickness interface elements. To validate the developed mechanistic model, the commercial finite element program $ABAQUS^{TM}$ was used to generate pavement responses as analysis results for simple cases with similar linear elastic material input properties. More sophisticated cases were then analyzed using the mechanistic model considering the nonlinear and anisotropic modulus property inputs in the base/subbase granular layers. This paper will describe the details of the developed mechanistic model and the effectiveness of geogrid reinforcement when used in different quality unbound aggregate base/subbase layers.

A Study of New High Temperature Grading for Modified and Unmodified Asphalt Binders

허정도,조규태,남영국,Huh, Jung-Do,Cho, Gyu-Tae,Nam, Young-Kug Korean Society of Road Engineers 2001 한국도로포장공학회 논문집 Vol.3 No.2

Bahia et al. (1998)은 여러 실험을 통하여 현재의 수퍼페이브 공용성 등급체계로는 모든 개질바인더의 등급을 규정화할 수 없다는 결론을 맺고 있다. 이러한 결론은 개질아스팔트 바인더에 적합한 올바른 등급체계를 개발하도록 동기를 부여한다. 본 개발의 중요개념은 고온에서의 소성변형깊이와 바인더성질 사이의 상관관계로부터 시작된다. 여기에 제안된 개질아스팔트 바인더를 위한 새로운 등급체계는 Huh et al. (2000)이 연구한 비 개질바인더의 등급체계와 다소 동일하다. 따라서 본 연구는 개질과 비개질바인더 둘 다에 공히 적용 가능한 탈일 고온등급 이론식을 제공하고, 독립적 연구에 의해 발표된 실험실 및 현장 소성변형 데이터를 이용하여 제시된 식의 효용성을 점검한다. 이로 인해 관측되는 성공적인 결과는 가까운 장래에 정확한 등급체계를 정립할 수 있는 가능성을 시사해준다. On the basis of several experiments peformed, Bahia et al. (1998) concluded that the current Superpave PG-grading system failed to characterize grading specification of fill modified binders. This conclusion motivates us to investigate the correct grating system suited for modified asphalt binders. The main concept of this development is originated from the relationship between rut depth and binder properties at high temperatures. A new grading system for modified asphalt binders suggested here somewhat resembles to the unmodified binder grading one developed by Huh et al. (2000). Thus, this investigation will provide a unified single theoretical equation of high temperature grading that can apply both to modified and unmodified binders, and will check its effectiveness with the laboratory and the field rut data reported by independent studies. Successful results observed may allow to construction of a correct grading system in the near future.

The Effects of Slab Size on Pavement Life Cycle Cost

Parsons, Timothy A.,Hall, Jim W.Jr Korean Society of Road Engineers 2006 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.8 No.2

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of expansion joint spacing (slab size) on the life cycle costs of owning Portland Cement Concrete (PCC) airfield pavements. Previous research has shown that slab size has a statistically significant impact on pavement performance. A probabilistic life cycle cost analysis was performed to determine if the effect of slab size on pavement performance would affect the total cost of ownership of PCC pavements. Data from 48 Pavement Condition Index (PCI) inspections of military and civilian airfields were used to develop probability-of-distress-by-condition curves, which were then used to develop probabilistic cost-of-repair-by-condition curves. A present worth life cycle cost analysis was then performed for various slab sizes, using construction costs, rehabilitation costs, and maintenance costs. Maintenance costs were determined by assuming a condition deterioration rate appropriate for each slab size and applying the cost-by-condition curves. The probabilistic cost-of-repair-by-condition curves indicated that smaller slabs are more expensive to repair on a unit cost basis. Life cycle cost analysis showed that larger slabs have a higher total cost of ownership than smaller slabs due to a faster rate of deterioration.

Evaluation of Aging Characteristics of Selected PMA using HP-GPC

김광우,도영수,써지엔아미리카니안,Kim, Kwang-Woo,Doh, Young-Soo,Amerkhanian, Serj N. Korean Society of Road Engineers 2004 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.6 No.2

산화는 아스팔트에서 대형분자(LMS : Large Molecular Size) 양의 증가를 야기하고 바인더의 경화에 주요 원인이 되므로 바인더 산화를 저감시키면 도로 및 공항 포장의 공용수명 연장을 기대할 수 있다. 바인더 산화는 혼합물을 도로에 깔기 전에 가열된 골재와 혼합하는 동안과 아스팔트 포장이 시공된 후 공용기간 동안에 일어난다. 본 연구에서는 바인더를 단기 및 장기노화 처리 후 LMS의 양적 증가를 HP-GPC (High-Pressure Gel-Permeation Chromatography)의 자료에 근거하여 해석하였다 개질 아스팔트는 LMS의 증가율이 아스팔트의 종류에 따라 다를 지라도 단기노화 후 LMS의 20-30%증가. 장기노화 후 2배 이상의 증가를 나타냈다. 본 연구에서 개질 아스팔트의 노화특성을 관찰하기 위하여 사용된 개질제는 선행 연구에서 큰 역학적 특성 향상을 보인 LDPE(Low-Density Polyethylene)와 SBS(Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene block copolymers) 를 사용하였다. LDPE로 개질한 바인더는 단 장기노화 후 LMS의 증가 비율이 상당히 낮았다. 이와 같이 낮은 LMS의 증가는 LDPE 개질 아스팔트가 노화 처리되는 동안에 일반 아스팔트보다 덜 노화가 진행된다는 것을 의미한다 이는 아스팔트 시멘트 내에 분산된 LDPE 입자가 산화 노화작용을 방해하기 때문인 것으로 보인다. Oxidation causes increment of the quantity of large molecular size or LMS in asphalt and is a major reason for hardening of asphalt binder. An extended service life of pavement on a road is expected by reducing oxidation of binder. Oxidation of binder occurs during hot mixing with aggregates before placement on road and then during in-service after the asphalt pavement is constructed. Quantitative increase of LMS as result of aging after RTFO and PAV was analyzed based on the data from high-pressure gel-permeation chromatography (HP-GPC). Polymer modified asphalt (PMA) after RTFO procedure showed 20-30% increment in LMS and then after PAV procedure more than twice, although the percentage of increment was different according to asphalt brand and grade. The PMAs containing LDPE or SBS, which showed a great mechanical property improvement in previous studies, were selected for characterizing PMA aging In this study. Considerably reduced increment of LMS was observed from the PMA containing LDPE after RTFO and PAV procedures. The GPC result showing the binder with less LMS increment means that the asphalt while being mixed with LDPE was aged less during the aging treatment. The dispersed particle of LDPE in asphalt cement seems to disturb oxidative aging reaction and evaporation.

Development of a Combined Model for Soil Damping Behavior

배윤신,Bae, Yoon-Shin Korean Society of Road Engineers 2008 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.10 No.2

Damping behavior of various soil models are compared to actual observed soil damping behavior. Several nonlinear soil models were used and evaluated to predict damping behavior of soils. A combined damping model incorporating both nonvisous and hysteretic damping behavior was developed to better approximate soil behavior. The strengths and limitations of this model are discussed. 다양한 지반의 모델들을 이용한 감쇠 거동을 식제 지반의 감쇠 거동과 비교하였다. 지반의 감쇠 거동을 예측하기 위해 몇 가지 비선형 지반 모델들을 이용하고 평가하였다. 지반 거동을 대략적으로 잘 묘사하기 위해 비점성 감쇠 및 이력감쇠 거동은 모두 고려하는 복합 감쇠 모델이 개발 되었다. 이 모델의 장점 및 문제점이 논의 되었다.

The New Calculation Model of Film Thickness to Evaluat Asphalt Mixtures

김성호,김부일,Kim, Sung-Ho,Kim, Boo-Il Korean Society of Road Engineers 2007 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.9 No.1

최근 아스팔트 혼합물의 VMA 혹은 그 외 다른 체적요소의 기준값을 대체하기 위해 유효아스팔트 함량(film thickness)에 대해 논의되어 왔다. 이들 중 일부는 유효 아스팔트 함량의 기준값을 제안하였으며, 일부는 새로운 개념 또는 계산 방법을 포함하는 새로운 모델을 즉, 인덱스 모델(index model) 또는 가상 모델(virtual model)을 소개하였다. 각각의 모델은 아스팔트혼합물의 체적특성을 설명하는데 있어서 형상, 크기 등 골재의 체적특성을 정량화하는 방법을 이용한다. 본 연구에서는 인덱스 모델과 가상 모델의 장점을 결합한 개선된 가상 모델 (modified virtual model)을 제안하였다. 개선된 가상 모델을 기존의 두 가지 모델과 비교평가하기 위하여 DASR 개념에 근거하여 제작된 총 8개의 혼합물을 대상으로 IDT 시험과 APA 시험을 수행하였다. 시험 결과, 아스팔트 혼합물의 공용성과 유효 아스팔트 함량의 관계를 계산함에 있어서 본 연구에서 제안된 가상 모델은 기존의 모델들에 비해 더 적절함을 알 수 있었다. Many researches have recently discussed about the film thickness as a good substitute or supplement for VMA or other volumetric criteria in the design procedure. Some researchers have not only proposed the specific number for the recommended film thickness, but also introduced the new calculation procedures or concepts. Each model (index model and the virtual model) has its own advantages and disadvantages in terms of the ability to account for the volumetric properties of the mixture. In this paper, the modified virtual model was proposed to combine advantages from both models. However, it cannot be disregarded the way to determine the appropriate particle shape factors for different sources and sizes of aggregates. In order to evaluate the different calculation methods, mixtures with two aggregate sources and eight gradations were designed based on the dominant aggregate size range (DASR) porosity concept. Superpave indirect tensile test (IDT) and asphalt pavement analyzer (AEA) test were used to describe the performance of mixtures. Test results indicated that the virtual model, which is the same to the modified virtual model for sphere 1:1 case, is better than the conventional standard model to define the range of the film thickness to have better performance of asphalt mixtures.

미국의 아스팔트기술연구소(NCAT)의 기술동향

Brown, Brown,Prowell, Prowell,Cooley, Cooley,Zhang, Zhang,Powell, Powell Korean Society of Road Engineers 2004 도로포장공학회지 Vol.6 No.4

Laboratory Performance Evaluation of Recycled Asphalt Binders with Differing Rejuvenators

김영민,임정혁,황성도,정규동,이석근,Kim, Yeong Min,Im, Jeong Hyuk,Hwang, Sung Do,Jeong, Kyu Dong,Rhee, Suk Keun Korean Society of Road Engineers 2015 한국도로학회논문집 Vol.17 No.6

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to investigate the properties of recycled asphalt binders with five different rejuvenators, in order to evaluate the applicability of the recycled asphalt binders compared with the original asphalt binder. METHODS : In order to simulate recycled asphalt binders, fresh asphalt binders are aged by various Superpave aging procedures, such as the rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) and the pressure aging vessel (PAV). Then, selected rejuvenators are added to the aged asphalt binders in the amount of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The asphalt binder properties are evaluated by the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR), the rotational viscometer (RV), and the bending beam rheometer (BBR). In this study, AP-5 (penetration grade 60-80, PG 64-16) asphalt binder is used. A total of five types of rejuvenators are employed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS : When considering aged asphalt without a new asphalt binder, it seems that the percentage of rejuvenator used in Korea is a bit too low, and that it fails to possess the characteristics of the original binder. From the current practice of evaluating the properties of recycled binder based on penetration ratio only, the amount of rejuvenator required is similar for the long-term-aged binder, but is excessive for the longest-term aged binder, causing deterioration of workability and stiffness of the recycled binder.