유럽 과학기술의 발달과 독일 공과대학의 시작: 칼스루헤 대학교의 생성과 발전을 중심으로

유진영 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2014 통합유럽연구 Vol.5 No.2

Germany has undergone the fastest industrialization in Europe during theIndustrial Era from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. A number ofreasons have been known to cause this change; however, it played an important rolein changing the time of the establishment of the University of Technology and thedual system of vocational education and training. This paper will cite the establishment of the University of Technology, which hasgreatly contributed to the growth of the European economy. In this regard, thisstudy will research the history of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, which islocated in the Baden region of Southern Germany. The Polytechnic School in Karlsruhe was established in 1825 (PolytechnischeSchule). The first lesson has been conducted here as a German institution of highereducation in engineering. Furthermore, the University of Karlsruhe has been modeledafter the Ecole Polytechnique engineering school in Paris. The Karlsruhe PolytechnicSchool was founded due to the influence of the École Polytechnique. As a result ofthe reputation of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), it has been selected underthe category of excellent initiatives II (Exzelleninitiative II) KCETA and KSOP /2006. This study focuses on the history of the German University of Technology in European context.

EU와 G20 정상회의: 한국의 금융외교에 대한 함의

안병억 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2010 통합유럽연구 Vol.- No.1

European Union and G20 Summit: PolicyImplications for Korea's External FinancialPolicyPyeong-Eok AnThis paper seeks to analyze the European Union's (EU) policies towards the G20Summit to have a better understanding of the G20 summit's implications for Korea'sexternal financial policy. It first puts the EU's involvement in global economicgovernance into a historical context by elucidating its role in the Group of SevenIndustrialized Countries (G7) summits. It then gives a critical evaluation of the EU'spolicies and stance towards the International Monetary Fund (IMF) quota reform. Itshows that a big gap exists between its rhetoric of agreeing to the quota reform andits insistence for minimizing the reduced quota share by the four major membersstates of the EU (Germany, France, UK and Italy). With the Lisbon Treaty coming into force in December 2009, the President of theEuropean Commission and Permanent President of the European Council representthe EU at the G20 Summit. This dual representation has its own drawbacks. Although the EU professes its 'one voice' at the head of state or government meetingof the G20 countries, it has often revealed several voices on various issues. Whenleaders designated the G20 as a premier forum for global economic governance atPittsburgh Summit in September 2009, the EU gave it a strong backing. Yetinitially France was reluctant to make the G20 a premier forum, whereas bothGermany and the UK backed such moves led by the United States. So, keeping itmind that there exist various policies by the EU and its members states at the G20 summit, the Korean government needs to effectively use the EU's and major memberstates' divergent positions to its advantage.

아랍언론 속 걸프 내 이주노동자들의 현황과 전망 연구

김재희 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

본 연구는 아랍언론을 통해 걸프 지역 내 이주노동자들의 현황과 향후 전망을 살펴보고자 한다. 아랍언론에 따르면, 한 때는 걸프지역의 경제발전 및 지역개발에 기여했던 이주노동자들이 오늘날 유가 하락과 코로나 위기로 인해 벼랑 끝으로 몰리고 있다. 이주노동자들이 걸프지역 경제의 척추 역할을 하며 지난 30년 동안 전체 노동인구의 90%를 차지하게 되면서, 오늘날, 걸프지역의 인구구성에 균열을 가져오고, 걸프사회의 정체성을 위협하며, 높은 실업률의 원인으로 지목되고 있다. 재정적자와 실업문제를 해결하기 위하여 걸프국가들은 수백 만명에 달하는 외국인노동자들을 해고하고 강제로 출국시켰으며, 이 과정에서 일방적인 임금 삭감과 계약 해지, 추방 등의 조치로 인해 국제사회로부터 비난에 직면하자, 걸프국가들은 외국인노동자들이 코로나바이러스 전파의 주요 원인이라고 선동했다. 본 연구는 이러한 위기에 처한 걸프 내 이주노동자들의 미래는 어떻게 될 것인지, 함께 공존할 수 있는 없는 지를 찾아보고자 한다.

프랑스 내 무슬림 차별 기원과 공화주의 유산 - ‘1905년 법’과 그 적용 사례를 중심으로 -

박단 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

The purpose of this paper is to clarify that one of the causes of Muslim discrimination in French society is the equivocal application of the republican principle. We will show through the prohibition of wearing hijabs and restrictions on the construction of new mosques that the “1905 law,” which enacted the Laïcité principle, is unfairly applied to Islam, the second most commonly practiced religion in France. The law stipulated that veils, including hijabs, were not to be worn in French public schools in the name of observance of the Laïcité principle and protection of the human rights of women. Mosque construction also cannot be financially supported by the government or local governments according to the 1905 law. However, in France in the 1920s, the construction of the Paris Grand Mosque could be completed with financial support from the French government and the city government of Paris. At the time, the construction of the mosque was controversial for violating Articles 2 and 28 of the 1905 law. However, a number of influential politicians dedicated the Grand Mosque of Paris in return for the contributions of Muslim soldiers who fought in World War I. From this perspective, it can be seen that the 1905 law is applied differently depending on the social atmosphere and the content of the same religious act. Today, the principles of the French Republic are being applied even more strictly to Islam as conflict between the West and Islam escalates due to the influx of Muslim immigrants and refugees in France and the increasing distaste for Islam in French society. The controversy over the violation of the 1905 law brings back memories of colonialism, orientalism, and the "Algerian War." In particular, the issue of Muslim women wearing hijabs has been linked to terrorism during the war and the subjugation of women. This is unlike the issue of mosque construction, which is linked to the public interest issue, and the 1905 law is more stringently applied. In today's France, even religious minorities should be considered so that various religious activities are possible without infringing on the public interest. The idea that such tolerance is not contrary to the Laï̈cité principle should be more universally accepted.

The EU’s Foreign Direct Investment Screening Framework: Current Status and Future Implications

김봉철,최혜진,정호윤 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

The EU framework for FDI screening came into full force in 2020. In critical and strategic areas such as infrastructure, energy, cutting-edge tech, data and cyber security, finance, raw materials, media, and EU-funded projects, it was intended to prevent high-tech leakages and protect EU companies’ existing and future profits against rapidly emerging external investment and following intervention. Inward FDI screening is not a quite new approach in the EU. Before this EU-level framework introduction, 14 EU member states already screened FDI inflows in their domestic markets. Now, the member state-level screening work has been expanded to the EU level for common and unified action. Although the EU insists that its financial markets remain open to foreign investment and the framework is a supplementary mechanism for the member states’ national-level regulation, the introduction of the FDI screening framework lies between protectionism and openness. This article describes an investigation into how the EU’s inward FDI, which is represented by Chinese state-owned enterprises, threatened and intervened in EU companies. China’s emergence in the EU market, its aggressive acquisition of critical industries, and its related national security issues are addressed. Also, by reviewing potential concerns about the framework, this article suggests the possibility of ever-closer cooperation or division between member states.

프랑스 라이시테(Laïcité)의 역설 - 종교중립 원칙의 무슬림 차별 -

오정은 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

The Laïcité, a French word, translated into “secularism”, “Religious neutrality”, or “separation of state and religion”, means the principle to restrict religious markers and practices in public places while to guarantee religious activities in private area. This principle denies a privileged position of certain religion. The principle of Laïcité was stipulated by law in 1905, and it was inserted into the French Constitution in 1946 and in 1958. Nowadays, the Laïcité is regarded as one of the basic values of the French Republic. The French government applies the Laïcité in order to integrate people from diverse races, cultures and faith. In other words, the government enacted several laws to restrict religious behaviors in public places where co-exist followers of diverse religions. However, successive prohibitions imposing muslims, such as the restriction schoolgirls from wearing islamic headscarf, hijab, in school, in 1989, the enforcement of the headscarf law in 2004, the ban on wearing burqa in 2010, the ban on burquini in some province in 2017, arouse controversy with the accusation of discrimination against muslims in France. Besides, French National Assembly passed so-called “Islamist Separatism Bill” in 2021, which provoke more strong controversy. Some say the Laïcité is a means to discriminate against muslims in French society with preponderance of Catholics. Moreover, a far-right French political party, “Front National” named “Rassemblement National” since 2018, which reveres Catholicism, adopted the Laïcité as a platform and the party uses it as a means to vilify immigrants including muslims. The French government insists on the principle of Laïcité with the purpose of integrating multi-faith French society. Paradoxically, the principle of Laïcité arouses controversy and dispute on discrimination against muslims.

사회통합을 위한 패러다임 모색 - 유럽의 상호문화주의와 상호문화정책을 중심으로 -

김형민,이재호 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

Advanced multicultural countries in Europe are facing major difficulties in operating their national economy due to labor shortage resulting from low birthrate and aging population, decrease in the number of economically active population, slowdown in economic growth, increase in financial burden for social welfare etc. Then they are steadily accepting international migrants even into the twenty-first century as a self-help measure for the sustainable development of society. The continuous expansion of migrant society has, however, deepened political, economic, social, cultural, linguistic, and religious conflicts between the mainstream and migrant groups. Not only did the deep rift amplify serious social and cultural dissonance, but it also resulted in violent bloody clashes of riots, riots and terrors. A string of violent events have led many European leaders to pour out the ‘failure of multiculturalism’ without hesitation. In this situation, European societies have actively sought a new conceptual logic and argument which can replace the existing multiculturalism and multicultural policies. What comes to fore then are interculturalism and intercultural policies based on it. Interculturalism emphasizes dynamic interaction through interrelationships such as mutual encounters, mutual exchanges, and interactions of various cultural groups in a specific region. Intercultural policies which are based on interculturalism as an ideological logic refer to the line and the means to create a peaceful and harmonious society by interacting between various different cultural members. Last but not least: the basic premise of interculturalism is that each cultural group constituting a society has equal rights and status, regardless of the influence and scale of the society. The premise itself may, however, be an ideal concept that seems to exist not in the real world, but only in the ‘utopian world’.

불가리아의 EU 가입 과정과 가입 이후 경제변화 추이

이하얀 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

The collapse of socialism in Central and Eastern Europe symbolizes the beginning of a long transitional process ensuring change in both political and economic institutions. The European Union attempted to help the Central and Eastern European countries with their national will to reform, but democratization and market reform in Bulgaria proceeded slowly. However, despite this situation, Bulgaria's aspirations to join the European Union and the expansion of the European Union's policies were intertwined with helping Bulgaria escape their post-socialist deadlock. The two major transformations, Bulgaria's transition to the new regime in 1990 and joining the European Union in 2007, symbolize liberal democracy and integration into a market economy. The purpose of this paper is to examine the background of the European Union's acceptance of Bulgaria as a member state. In addition, it analyzes the various trends in Bulgaria after joining the European Union to identify Bulgaria’s challenges as a member of the European Union. Bulgaria has been a member of the European Union for 14 years this year, and there have been many changes since its membership and it is still changing. However, it turns out that Bulgaria still has a lot of work to solve. Bulgaria needs a smooth inflow of EU funds to achieve continuous economic development, so it should continue to restore trust from the EU and enhance its external image through judicial reform, corruption and eradication of organized crime.

시몬 베이유(Simone Veil)의 유럽정치와 정치적 리더십 연구 - 1980년대 유럽의회의 제도개혁을 중심으로 -

김유정 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

This study aims to focus on ‘Women who made Europe’ to overcome the bias of male-centered research focused on "Founding Fathers" and to expand the scope of European integration research in the history of European integration. Women have not received much attention so far, despite their remarkable role and influence in the development of European integration or in times of crisis. The need to study European integration history from the perspective of gender equality is required. This study examined the political leadership of Simone Veil, who played an important role in strengthening European Parliament's authority and securing democratic legitimacy in the development of European organizations and institutions in the 1980s. Focusing on Simone Veil’s role and influence on the European Parliament in the 1980s, I revealed that women were leading activists in the EU's political arena.

유럽연합의 사회적 보호 - 사회적 배제의 극복과 초국적 사회적 보호의 형성 -

박채복 서강대학교 유로메나연구소 2021 통합유럽연구 Vol.12 No.1

The European Union is promoting social protection at the EU level to ensure the European Union‘s basic goals of freedom, equality and human dignity and the social equity of European citizens. This paper seeks to explore the political mobilization strategies and means of the EU-level welfare intervention process by examining the concept of social protection in the European Union and its formation process. The European Union’s social protection is being implemented as a part of social integration while seeking economic efficiency and social equity in the European integration process. The idea, concept and reality of social protection in the EU will be examined in connection with the historical process of the gap between economic and social integration and the changes and dynamics of EU social policy. In addition, the process of overcoming poverty and social exclusion and the formation of transnational social protection in the European Union can be discussed in connection with social Europe and the legitimacy and appropriateness of social protection at the European level. In this regard, the formation and intervention process of social protection at the EU level, based on the social open method of coordination, will be examined, as well as political dynamic strategies and means, and the interactions and cooperative relationships of various actors participating in the European Union’s policy-making process for social protection.