CKFont2: 한글 구성요소를 이용한 개선된 퓨샷 한글 폰트 생성 모델

박장경 ( Jangkyoung Park ),( Ammar Ul Hassan ),최재영 ( Jaeyoung Choi ) 한국정보처리학회 2022 정보처리학회논문지. 소프트웨어 및 데이터 공학 Vol.11 No.12

A lot of research has been carried out on the Hangeul generation model using deep learning, and recently, research is being carried out how to minimize the number of characters input to generate one set of Hangul (Few-Shot Learning). In this paper, we propose a CKFont2 model using only 14 letters by analyzing and improving the CKFont (hereafter CKFont1) model using 28 letters. The CKFont2 model improves the performance of the CKFont1 model as a model that generates all Hangul using only 14 characters including 24 components (14 consonants and 10 vowels), where the CKFont1 model generates all Hangul by extracting 51 Hangul components from 28 characters. It uses the minimum number of characters for currently known models. From the basic consonants/vowels of Hangul, 27 components such as 5 double consonants, 11/11 compound consonants/vowels respectively are learned by deep learning and generated, and the generated 27 components are combined with 24 basic consonants/vowels. All Hangul characters are automatically generated from the combined 51 components. The superiority of the performance was verified by comparative analysis with results of the zi2zi, CKFont1, and MX-Font model. It is an efficient and effective model that has a simple structure and saves time and resources, and can be extended to Chinese, Thai, and Japanese.

가정내 폭력 : 응급실 내원 환자를 중심으로

이성우,전정민,최성혁,문철규,홍윤식 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Background: Domestic violence once considered an infrequently occurring event existing only in deviant relationships, it has been more recently recognized as a widely distributed phenomenon resulting from multiple cultural social, psycological factors. According to declining world economics, family violence rises with a simultaneous curtailment of agencies available to assist battered persons and there is increasing pressure on emergency departments to serve those who might otherwise have sought help from public agency. In Korea, we don't have any clinical data about domestic violence, and authors analysed clinical pictures of domestic violence victims who came to the emergency department of Korea University medical center. Method: We reviewed the victims of the domestic violence retrospectively, who visited in ED, Korea Univ. Hospital from Jan. 1996 to the Dec. 1996. We Analysed data to Age, Sex, Injury severity score, location of injury, mechanism, perpetrator. Results: During the study period, total 134 domestic violence victims were identified. The young, females were predominantly victimized. And married women were more commonly violated.(about 70%). ISS was relatively mild (2.491), face and head were mainly injuried by punching and objects throwing. The Prevalence of domestic violence victims almost presented at Emergency department between 6:OO/P.M.and 8:00A.M.. Conclusion: Emergency physicians suspect domestic violence victims who injurd at face and head by punching or hitted wound. In these patients, we need more detail history and physical exam. And in case of repeated domestic violence, refer to neuropychatry dept and social workers with perpetratrs, and need mere concerte social programs for domestic violence.

경도 두부외상시 응급실에서 CT 및 퇴원결정

이종안,김갑득 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

We studied retrospectively 1,112 mild head injury patients visited during a 2-year period to DanKuk University Medical Center to determine the clinical value of routine computerized tomography(CT) of the head and the indication of early discharge in patients with mild head injury(Glasgow, coma scale score>13) at emergency room. Routine urgent cranial CT scans were obtained on all patients. Variables reviewed were mental status, symptom & sign of head trauma(brief loss of consciousness(LOC), amnesia, nausea and vomiting, headache), skull fracture on skull radiology, intracranial lesions, and operation. Patients with 13-14 Glasgow coma scale(GCS) or skull fracture have a significantly higher incidence of intracranial lesions and operation. Thus we suggest classifing patients with a GCS of 13∼14 or skull fracture into"moderate" rather than "mild" in severity and recommend performing CT in all those patients. The patients with normal mental status(GCS score of 15) and no skull fracture have a rate of abnormal CT finding of 8.5% in the subgroup with history of LOG/amnesia and symptoms of head injury, but no patient in the subgroup without LOC/amnesia and symptoms of head injury. There was a few occurrence of delayed intracranial hematoma in normal mental status, but no patient required surgical intervention. We conclude that routine CT of the head in patients with GCS score of 13∼14, skull fracure, and history of LOG/amnesia or symtoms of head injury in clear mental status is indicated. If the results of CT scan are normal, these patients may be safely discharged. But if there is no history of LOG/amnesia or symtoms of head injury in normal mental status, an immediate CT scan is not indicated and these patients may also be safely discharged.

응급센터에서의 박리성 대동맥류에 대한 임상적 고찰

우건화,김원율,김홍용 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Dissecting aortic aneurysm is an emergency condition which requires prompt diagnosis and management. From January 1992 to December 1996, 54 patients were admitted to our department. Patients were categorized according to the Stanford classification of aortic dissection and investigation of the clinical records utilized the retrospective method. Male constituted the majority, accounting for 38(70.4%) of the total number of patients, whereas females accounted for 16(29.6%). Mean age was 52.1±2.2 years old (range: 25∼82). Clinical findings included chest pain in 46 cases(85.2%), renal failure in 11(20.4%), aortic insufficiency in 10(18.5%) and stroke in 9(16.7%). Predisposing factors were hypertension in 48 cases(88.9%), Marfan's syndrome in 5(9.3%) and diabetes mellitus in 1(1.8%). 21 patients(type A:12, type B:9) underwent surgical treatment. There were three(2 in type A and 1 in type B) deaths in the surgical treatment group and nine(5 in type A and 4 in type B) deaths in the medical treatment group. These results reflect our current policy in the management of dissecting aortic aneurysm.

응급센터에서의 과환기증후군의 임상적 고찰

김경환,전병민,이경호,김원율,윤영철,김홍용 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

One hundred patients with hyperventilation syndrome presenting to emergency department(ED) were studied. Those were diagnosed on clinical basis by emergency medical physician. The male to female ratio was 15:85. In monthly distribution, the numbers of patients were increased during the two months, June and July. The 41% of patients visited the emergency center from 9:00 p.m. to 3:00 a.m.. The most common predisposing factors were the domestic problems, especially those between husband and wife(37%). Presenting complaints were dyspnea(34), paresthesia(30), muscle spasm(24), dizziness(6) and palpitation(6 patients). The initial examination of the patients in the ED were as follows, systolic blood pressure(134±7.15mmHg), heart rate(87.67±14.34/minute), respiratory rate(22.21±3.34/minute) and body temperature(36.61±0.31℃, n=98). Arterial blood gas analysis showed alkalemia(pH 7.51±0.09) and hypocapnia(PCO2 26.67±8.30mmHg). After emergency cares, including carbone dioxide re-breathing and antianxietics, most of the symptoms were disappeared. The mean duration of stay in ED was 3.27±0.23 hours. The most important considerations in diagnosis of hyperventilation syndrome was the patients's history and the effective management was carbon dioxide rebreathing for a few minutes and antianxietics.

DNR이 결정된 환자에 대한 고찰

장문준,윤수영,오진호,윤천재,정성필,이한식 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Background: Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) order has been used without specific legislation commonly in hospitals of Korea. We designed this study to assess the current use of DNR order in the emergency department and to make a database for establishing a policy for DNR order, especially in ER. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 164 patients who expired in the emergency department of Severance hospital from Sep. 1996 to Aug. 1997. We evaluated age, sex, diagnosis, specific department involved, whether written orders were made and medical care after decision of DNR. The patients were divided into 2 groups: DNR vs CPR. To determine factors influencing DNR decision, we searched for presence of malignancy, irreversible shock, unconsciousness and chronic illness. The logistic regression analysis was used for statistical significance. Results: We found that 102(62.2%) out of 164 expired patients had a DNR order. But only in 59% of cases, were written DNR order on the chart. Factors which had the most influence on decision of DNR were malignancy and age. The sex, chronic illness, irreversible shock, and unconsciousness were not significant factors. Conclusion: We found malignancy and old age as an important factor when DNR order had been made. But further evaluation of other factors may be necessary to establish definitely a policy for DNR order.

급성 췌장염의 임상적 고찰

유병대,조준,박찬상,안영호,최우익,이동필 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

This study was designed retrospectively to evaluate Ranson's criteria and APACHE Ⅱ score as a predictor of mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis is a common disorder. From mild disease to multiorgan failure, it is a disorder that has numerous causes, an obscure pathogenesis. An accurate history and through physical examination will often raise clinical suspicion of acute pancreatitis in the differential diagnosis of a patient with acute abdominal pain. The retrospective analysis by chart review of 86 cases of acute pancreatitis who visited emergency department of Dongsan hospital from Jan to Dec 1996. The results were as follows. The majority of the patients with acute pancreatitis presented with chief complaints of abdominal pain. The male patient outnumbered female by the ratio of 2.9:1. The highest incidence of age group was between 40 and 50. The majority of our patients had past histories of either chronic alcoholic or gallbladder problems e.g.. the number being 53 cases(61.6%) and 31 cases(36%) respectively. Among 7 patients who had changes in consciousness, 5 were expired. Of those expired, 3 patients had less than 90 mmHg of systolic blood pressure. The overall mortality rate was 10.5%(9 cases). It has been known that acute pancreatitis would be the results of traumatic and non-traumatic causes. The exact mechanism of its pathophysiolgy has not been known yet, but it has been well known that the majority of patients who in forties and fifties had history of alcoholic abuse, the rest being mainly gallbladder problem and, some other diseases implicated too. The relationship of acute pancreatitis with familiar Ranson's criteria was such that 3 patients of the Ranson's out of 9 death were noted to have more than 3 of the criteria, but another 3 had less than 3. Among the 60 patients in whom the required physiologic variables were available out of total 86 patients studied, 9 were expired and 51 survived, average APACHE Ⅱ scores for the survival and the expired being 6.92±3.99 & 18.11±5.68 respectively (p<0.05). We concluded that the APACHE Ⅱ score could be used to better than Ranson's criteria to predict hospital mortality in patients with acute pancreatitis.

급성 충수돌기염 진단시 "MANTRELS" 점수의 의의

김현정,정준영,이삼범,도병수 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

Background: Acute appendicitis is very not uncommon disease and has many difficulties in the diagnosis of disease. So we should evaluate the significance of diagnosis by "MANTRELS" score which is very simple and easily accessible tools in patients of right lower quadrant abdominal pain. Methods: We studied 164 patients initially complainted of right lower quadrant abdominal pain from Jan 1 to Jun 30, 1997 in emergency department of Yeungnam university hospital. At first, "MANTRELS" score was calculated and we evaluated the final diagnosis, surgically operated or not, transferred or not, etc, retrospectively. Next, two groups were divided each that group A was surgically operated, group B was not surgically operated. And then the statistical significance and accuracy rate according to scores and cut-off values in each groups were evaluated. Results: All 164 patients was admitted in emergency department of Yeungnam university hospital and male to female ratio was 1:0.98, mean ages was 35.3 years old. The incidences according to each items of "MANTRELS" were as follows; most in Tenderness and Shift to left, Migration of pain in group A and most in Tenderness and Anorexia, Nausea in group B. As the results according to each scores in both groups, score 8;25 cases, score 7;19 cases, score 9;17 cases in group A and score 5;16 cases, score 4;15 cases, score 7;14 cases in group B were showed and the correlation coefficients was 0.979. And as the results according to cut-off value in both groups, it's sensitivity and negative predictability, false negative, positive joint probability were decreased and others were increased as the cut-off values, respectively. The diagnostic weight was most highest(75.0%) when the cut-off value was 7. Conclusion: The authors would authorize that "MANTRELS" score is very simple scoring system and have diagnostic values in differentiating between acute appendicitis and other diseases complaining of right lower quadrant abdominal pain.

화상 환자의 임상적 고찰

유병대,조준,박찬상,최우익,안영호,이동필 대한응급학회 1998 대한응급의학회지 Vol.9 No.2

We have reviewed 1211 burn patients who had visited our emergency department of Keimyung University Dongsan medical center between April 1995 to March 1997. The following results were obtained; 1) On age and sex distribution, the highest incidence of age group was under 10 year old in 321 cases(26.5%). Male was affected more frequently than female, the incidence being 847 cases(70.1%) and 364 cases(29.9%). The ratio of male to female was 2.3:1. 2) No monthly and seasonal differances could be recognized. We found winter season having the highest 319 cases(26.3%), followed by autumn, spring and summer. 3) An analysis of causes in burns showed that flame burns were 527 cases(43.1%), scalding burns, 486 cases(40.2%), electrical burns, 96 cases(8.1%) and chemical burns, 48 cases(4.1%). 4) Domestic accidents accounted for 639 cases(52.7%), occupational for 286 cases(23.6%), traffic accidents for 160 cases(13.2%), suicides for 122 cases(l0.1%), fermentation for 4 cases(0.4%). 5) Most of patients 699 cases(57.7%) were affected with 2nd degree burn in depth, 1st degree for 413 cases(34.1%) and 3rd degree for 99 cases(8.2%). 6) The trunk was the anatomical region most commonly affected followed by upper and lower limbs. 7) 243 cases(20.5%) of all were accompanied by some complications. The main complications were wound infection noted in 212 cases(l7.5%), pneumonia in 179 cases(14.8%), acute renal failure in 160 cases(13.2), contracture in 155 cases(l3.0), urinary tract infection in 24 cases(2.0%), Curling ulcer in 20 cases(l.6%) in order. 8) The over-all mortality rate was 73 cases(6.1%). The mortality rate of the patients with inhalation injury were 33 cases(45.3%). Causes of death were due to sepsis in 54 cases(4.5%), ARDS in 11 cases(0.9%), acute renal failure in 5 cases(0.4%), upper GI bleeding in 2 cases(0.2%), purmonary edema in 1 cases(0.1%).