从三个方面看意义的规约化

Zuo Simin 한중인문학회 2020 한중인문학연구 Vol.68 No.-

From the angles of process and result, the conventionalization of meaning can be summed up as the formation of signification and re-formation of signification of various kinds of meaning expression at different levels. The conventionalization of meaning not only involves the solidification of the relationship between the signifier and the signified of a sign, but also includes at least the following three aspects: 1. The degree of stability of conventionalization, which is actually a matter of the degree and characteristics of solidification of a sign. 2. The expanded range of conventionalization, which is actually a matter of the capability and characteristics of a sign to increase its variety of meanings that can be expressed at the same level. 3. The representative rank of conventionalization, which is actually a matter of the capability and characteristics of a sign combination to reform its signification at the higher level. Through the discrimination and analysis of some examples, the related phenomena are discussed in the paper from above three aspects, and then some viewpoints are put forward on the basis. 과정과 결과라는 두 가지 측면에서 보았을 때, 의미 관습화는 다양한 종류, 다양한 단계상에서의 의미 표현 단위가 부호화 또는 재부호화 되는 것으로 귀결될 수 있다. 의미 관습화는부호에서 기표와 기의 간의 관계가 고착화되었는가 여부와 관련될 뿐만 아니라, 적어도 다음과 같은 세 가지 측면에서의 문제를 포함하고 있다. 1. 의미 관습화의 안정화 정도. 이는 실질적으로는 부호의 고착화 정도와 그 특징에 관한 문제이다. 2. 의미 관습화의 확장 범위. 이는실질적으로는 하나의 부호가 하나의 단계상에서 의미 표현 종류를 증강하는 능력과 그 특징에 관한 문제이다. 3. 의미 관습화의 표현 등급. 이는 실질적으로는 부호의 조합체가 더 높은단계에서 재부호화되는 능력과 그 특징에 관한 문제이다. 본고에서는 예시에 대한 분석을 통해 이 세 가지 측면의 현상을 보이고, 이를 기반으로 논의를 진행하였다.

新媒体时代的汉语新词语

Zuo Simin 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2019 철학·사상·문화 Vol.0 No.30

The era of new media has brought great changes not only to human societies, but also to human languages. The influence of Internet on Chinese neologisms has been more increasing since 2010. China National Language Resources Monitoring and Research Center releases the Top Ten New Words in the Chinese Media once a year from 2011, and also releases the Top Ten Network Buzzwords in China once a year from 2012. According to the analysis of the 80 words of the Top Ten New Words in the Chinese Media from 2011 to 2018, we know these words have several different sources. The largest source is government, there are 30 new words that came from it. The secondary largest sources are the folk and industries, there are 17 new words came from the folk, and another 17 new words derived from various industries. According to the analysis of the 32 new words of the Top Ten Network Buzzwords in China from 2012 to 2018, there are 4 new words derived from media, and 28 came from the folk. On the whole, from 2011 to 2018, two kinds of new words, which came from the folk and government, accounted for the largest proportion of the total number of the Chinese neologisms according to their source. The emergence of a large number of Chinese new words derived from the folk is directly related to the great prosperity of new media, especially we media. The novel and lively characteristics of Chinese new words came from the folk in meaning and style, are to a large extent related to the following factors: changes in Chinese society, the younger of the persons who make and use new words, and the promotion of various media, especially new media. 신 미디어는 사람들뿐만 아니라 언어에도 큰 변화를 불러왔다. 2010년 이후, 인터넷은 점점 중국어 신조어에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 중국 국가 언어 자원 감측 및 연구 기구는 2011년부터 시작하여 중국 미디어 신조어 중 10개를 대표로 뽑아, 분포하였다. 2012년도부터 시작하여 분포한 신조어를 조사해보니, 정부의 출처가 제일 많았고, 30개에 이르고, 민간 및 각 직종분야별에서 온 신조어는 그 다음으로 17개가 존재한다. 2012년도부터 2018년도까지 7년 안에 32개의 중국 10大 인터넷 용어 중 신조어를 조사해보니, 미디어의 출처는 4개, 민간의 출처는 28개이다. 종합적으로 보면, 2011년부터 2018년까지, 중국어 신조어의 출처의 비례를 통계해보면 크게 두 유형으로 나눌 수 있다: 민간 출처와 정부 출처이다. 민간 출처의 중국어 신조어는 신 미디어 특히 자체미디어의 큰 번영과 상관관계가 존재한다. 민간 출처의 중국어 신조어는 의미의 표현과 풍격 상에서 생동적이고 생기 있는 것이 특징이다, 따라서 큰 보폭으로 중국 사회에 변화, 즉 신조어가 발생하는 단어 조합 과정, 또한 응용하는 과정에서 젊은 연령의 사람들이 주체가 되었고, 또한 각 유형의 미디어는 특히 신 미디어의 촉진과는 큰 상관관계가 있다.

論“界變”是動詞的一種動相

Zuo Simin 한국중국언어문화연구회 2019 한중언어문화연구 Vol.- No.52

It is possible for both a verb or a sentence to convey a meaning of instantaneous change between an activity and a resultant state. But the meaning conveyed by verb or sentence is different in nature. The former is one part of the meaning of verb itself, which has the following semantic features: dynamics, instantaneity and transition of aktionsart, so it can be called the aktionsart meaning of 【transition】 owned by verb. Whereas the latter is not the meaning owned by verb, but a part of the meaning of sentence. Not all the verbs own the aktionsart of 【transition】. Besides, some verbs own the aktionsart of 【transition】 maybe own the other types of aktionsart also, such as 【activity】 or 【resultant state】, or both of the two aktionsart types. If one verb which owns the aktionsart of 【transition】 and does not own the aktionsart of 【resultant state】 serves as the main syntactic component in the predicate of a sentence, and co-occurs with the tense and aspect particle “le1” (了1) or mood particle “le2” (了2), the sentence will convey a meaning of resultant state. But this type of meaning is not the aktionsart owned by verb, it is the meaning of the “V+le” construction, which has the nature of conventional implicature. Checking with the following criteria, a verb can be confirmed to own the aktionsart of 【transition】: (1) It conveys a meaning of instantaneous change. (2) The types of aktionsart before and after the change are different. (3) If there is a syntactic temporal complement to be combined after a verb, the complement indicates a time length from an instantaneous change point to a reference time point (which is often a speech time point). If all the above three criteria are met, the verb can be judged to have the aktionsart of 【transition】, otherwise, it doesn’t have the aktionsart.

语言学在AI时代的核心研究对象是什么

Zuo Simin 동국대학교 동서사상연구소 2020 철학·사상·문화 Vol.0 No.34

In AI era, natural language processing is one of several important research fields of artificial intelligence. In theory, linguistics can make a great contribution to the computer processing of natural language, but in fact it is not. There are three main reasons for this situation: First, the main research results of linguistics are lack of the maneuverability and correspondence to solve practical problems in terms of the technical processing requirements of natural language. Second, linguists don’t have an in-depth and comprehensive grasp of the structural rules and operation mechanisms of natural language yet. Third, linguists’ exploration of language meaning often lacks depth and insight. If linguists want to make a great contribution to the study of artificial intelligence, especially the computer processing of natural language in AI era, they must give full play to their strengths and circumvent their weaknesses, and come up with theoretical explanations and theoretical systems about the generation, structure, hierarchy and understanding of language meaning that can meet the needs of artificial intelligence research. In AI era, not only meaning should become the most important research object of linguistics, but also the urgency of pragmatic meaning research is steadily on the increase, the pragmatic meaning should be put in the core position of meaning research. In a period from1980s to the end of last century, Chinese linguists have conducted characteristic researches on pragmatic phenomena and pragmatic meaning. But unfortunately, after entering this century, these researches have not been carried forward. In a word, linguists must conscientiously sum up the past positive and negative experience, grasp the correct research ideas, find a suitable research direction, and adopt accurate and effective research methods. Only in this way, can they make a great contribution to the study of artificial intelligence. AI 시대에 자연언어처리는 인공지능의 몇 가지 중요한 연구영역 중 하나이다. 이치상으로는 언어학은 자연언어의 컴퓨터 처리에 중대한 공헌이 있어야 하는데 사실은 그렇지 않다. 이러한 국면을 초래하는 원인은 세 가지가 있다. 첫째, 언어학의 주요연구성과는 자연언어의 기술적인 처리 요구에 활용성과 실제 문제를 해결하는 관련성이 부족하다. 둘째, 언어학자는 아직 자연언어의 구조규칙 및 활용 기제에 깊이 들어가서 전면적으로 파악하지 못하였다. 셋째, 언어학자는 언어의미의 탐구에 심도와 통찰이 부족하다. 언어학자는 AI 시대에 인공지능연구 특히 자연언어의 컴퓨터 처리의 연구에 큰 공헌을 세우려면 장점을 발양하고 단점을 피해야 한다. 즉 인공지능연구에 만족시킬 수 있으면서 언어의미에 관련된 발생, 구조, 층차와 이해 등 방면의 이론 설명과 이론 체계를 제시해야 한다. AI 시대에는 의미가 언어학의 가장 중요한 연구대상이 되어야 할 뿐만 아니라 화용의미연구에 대한 절실함도 갈수록 커지기 때문에, 화용의미를 의미연구의 핵심위치에 두어야 한다. 20세기 80년대 이후에 중국 언어학자는 화용현상과 화용의미에 대해 특색이 있는 연구를 진행한 바가 있다. 그러나 21세기에 이르러 이 연구들은 원래의 기초위에서 더욱 확대 발전시키지 못하여 매우 안타깝다. 요컨대 언어학자는 반드시 진지하게 이전의 긍정 및 부정적인 양방면의 경험을 총괄해야 하며 정확한 연구 의사를 파악하여 알맞은 연구방향을 찾아내야 한다. 게다가 정확하고 효과적인 연구방법을 채택해야 인공지능연구에 대해 중요한 공헌을 할 수 있다.

副詞“就”、“才”再探討

Zuo Simin 중국어문연구회 2019 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.93

In the paper the main characteristics of adverbs ‘Jiu(就)’ and ‘Cai(才)’ are examined, the usages of ‘Jiu(就)’ and ‘Cai(才)’ have been distinguished as follows: the former of which include seven emphatic usages and four non-emphatic usages, and the latter of which include five emphatic usages and four non-emphatic usages. The emphatic usages of the two words have the characteristic which does not change the truth value of a sentence, but conveys some conventional implicatures or plays a role of the trigger for pragmatic inference to induce pragmatic implicatures. The non-emphatic usages of the two words can be divided into two different kinds: (1) If ‘Jiu(就)’ or ‘Cai(才)’ is cancelled from a sentence, it does not affect the grammatical legitimacy of it, but will cause some changes in the meaning of the sentence. (2) If ‘Jiu(就)’ or ‘Cai(才)’ is cancelled from a sentence, the sentence will be not natural, even become ungrammatical. The research in this paper proves that the meanings and the usages of ‘Jiu(就)’ and ‘Cai(才)’ are very different from the explanations of traditional dictionaries. These two words not only convey the conventional implicatures or act as a trigger for pragmatic inference to induce pragmatic implicatures with a high frequency, but also can be used in several different ways when they convey or induce different implicatures. On the one hand, these phenomena indicate that ‘Jiu(就)’ and ‘Cai(才)’ are often used for pragmatic purpose, on the other hand, they indicate that the complexity of meaning structure and the usage of the two words is beyond the previous understanding of academia.

论对汉语时间副词起制约作用的隐性语义范畴 ― 以“从此”等八个现代汉语时间副词为例

左思民 ( Zuo Simin ) 중국어문연구회 2020 中國語文論叢 Vol.0 No.102

In the paper, eight temporal adverbs “congci”(从此), “congjin”(从今), “conglai”(从来), “shizhong”(始终), “xianglai”(向来), “yixiang”(一向), “yizhi”(一直) and “yongyuan”(永远) have been examined, so as to explore the covert semantic categories that play a restrictive role hidden behind modern Chinese temporal adverbs. In order to reduce the complexity of the discussion and make it easier to clarify the problem, only three covert generic semantic categories are discussed in the paper, which are tense category, temporal quantity category and positive / negative category. The tense category is composed of absolute past tense, absolute future tense, whole temporal domain, relative past tense and other specific temporal categories. The temporal quantity category is composed of background specific temporal quantity category and measuring specific temporal quantity category. The positive/negative category consists of positive restricted specific category and negative restricted specific category. Through investigations, the basic phenomena that eight temporal adverbs such as “congci”(从此) are how restricted by above three semantic categories are sorted out in the paper. For example, “congjin”(从今) can express absolute future tense, but can not express absolute past tense; “yixiang”(一向) can express absolute past tense, but can not express absolute future tense; “yizhi”(一直) can express absolute past tense, absolute future tense and whole temporal domain. “Xianglai”(向来) can express background temporal quantity, but can not express measuring temporal quantity; whereas “congci”(从此) can express both background temporal quantity and measuring temporal quantity. Positive category has an strong restrictive effect on “shizhong”(始终), while negative category has an strong restrictive effect on “conglai”(从来). In a word, the study of this paper confirms that it does exist some covert semantic categories, which hide behind the words, but restrict the meaning of words. These categories have a great restrictive effect, even though the quantity of which is limited, and the functions of which are strong or weak. If these covert semantic categories can be understood comprehensively and profoundly, the law of the structure of word meaning will be got a clearer understanding also.

對動賓間“的”的若干辨析

左思民 ( Zuo Simin ) 중국어문연구회 2022 中國語文論叢 Vol.- No.108

Based on the linguistic theory and the language facts of modern Chinese, this paper investigates and differentiates the main grammatical and semantic characteristics of the “de” (的) between verb and object in modern Chinese, differentiates the grammatical attributes of the “de” (的), and then differentiates a number of relevant views put forward by some scholars, adopts the reasonable views and criticizes the unreasonable views. Finally, the following conclusions are obtained: the “de” (的) between verb and object in modern Chinese is a temporal particle, which is not an aspectual marker, does not indicate progressive aspect or perfect aspect, but indicates the activity expressed by the verbs occurs before the speaking time, that is, it marks the absolute past tense. The “de” (的) obviously tends to emphasize the syntactic component next to the left of the verb, so it is a focus marker, and its focus field obviously tends to fall on the syntactic component next to the left of the verb. As for the verb or adverb “shi” (是) and the emphasizing stress, they are not the focus mark forms of the temporal particle “de” (的).