A Study on the Implications of China’s Personal Information Protection Act on Chinese and Korean Businesses

Zhiyuan Tang(Zhiyuan Tang),Luyao Wang(Luyao Wang) 동아시아무역학회 2022 Journal of East Asian Trade(JEAT) Vol.4 No.1

Purpose – This paper discusses the legislative process and necessity of China’s Personal Information Protection Law, examines the main contents of China’s Personal Information Protection Law, and studies its impact on Chinese and Korean enterprises. Thus, China’s future data protection legal system can be better understood. Design/Methodology/Approach – In October 2020, China convened the 13th National People’s Congress to deliberate and promulgate the draft Personal Information Protection Law of the People’s Republic of China 2020. The draft privacy law is China’s first specialized legislation on personal information protection, drawing global attention. Furthermore, president Xi Jinping made clear his commitment to protecting personal information by reiterating the need for “cyber security and personal information security for people” and “protecting their legitimate rights and interests in cyberspace” after the 2019 National Cyber Week. The Personal Information Protection Act of China was enacted on November 1, 2021, as personal information protection was also a real concern among the Chinese people in the highly information-oriented era. Findings – China already has an independent and unified Personal Information Protection Act, which officially promulgates and enforces the Personal Information Protection Act this year following cybersecurity, cybersecurity, and criminal law provisions. Furthermore, in October 2020, China began a full-fledged legislative process by releasing a draft Personal Information Protection Act and collecting opinions. Research Implications – China’s Personal Information Protection Act is expected to play an important role for Chinese companies and Korean companies with subsidiaries in China due to offshore applications. Therefore, it is necessary to continue to pay attention to the revision and enforcement rules of the Personal Information Protection Act so that Chinese and Korean companies can respond quickly after it is promulgated and enforced. Therefore, this paper summarizes the background of China’s Personal Information Protection Act and the main contents of the 2021 edition of the Personal Information Protection Act.

A Study on Judicial Intervention in China’s Corporate Impasse: Focusing on the Application of Judicial Dissolution of a Company

Zhiyuan Tang 동북아경상학회 2023 동북아경상연구 Vol.4 No.2

Purpose - As one of the great inventions of modern society, the company system is an important driving force for social progress. As a malpractice in the operation of the company, the deadlock of the company is harmful to the company itself, its shareholders, creditors and even the public. Design/Methodology/Approach - The judicial dissolution system in Article 183 of China’s current Company Law provides a legal basis for judicial intervention in the deadlock of the company and fills the legislative gap. Yet the corporate stalemate is not simply linked to judicial dissolution (Bao Weimin, 2005). Corporate deadlock is only one of the reasons why shareholders have the right to request judicial dissolution; judicial dissolution should not be the only solution to the deadlock. Findings - Forcing the dissolution of the company to resolve the deadlock is clearly wrong for shareholders who want to resolve the deadlock but do not want to destroy the company.However, China’s current Company Law provides too single judicial remedy, too general regulations and weak operability. Research Implications - This paper discusses the extension and connotation of corporate deadlock and analyses the rationality of judicial intervention (Wang Jianjian, 2013). This paper also analyzes the concept and characteristics of the company deadlock, and provides a standard for the determination of the company deadlock, limits the environment of the company deadlock to limited liability company and further limits the scope of the discussion.

Research on Strengthening the Management of Forest and Grassland Fire Prevention Ability in Ethnic Areas of Southwest China

Zhiyuan Tang 동아시아무역학회 2023 Journal of East Asian Trade(JEAT) Vol.5 No.2

Purpose - Nowadays, forest and grassland fires are very serious in the world, and the area of forests and grasslands burned each year is close to one thousandth of the world’s existing forest and grassland area. The serious impact of fires on ecology not only affects the development of the world economy, but also seriously damages the human living environment. Design/Methodology/Approach - How to strengthen the construction of forest and grassland fire prevention capabilities has undoubtedly become an urgent problem that countries around the world need to solve. Findings - Wu Yingda et al. (2022) summarized their research and concluded that in 1988, China issued and implemented the “Forest Fire Prevention Regulations”. In 2010, the Ministry of Agriculture issued the “National Grassland Fire Emergency Plan”. In 2012, the General Office of the State Council issued the “National Forest Fire Emergency Plan”. Research Implications - Liu Yongbi (2001) believes that these factors have led to complex fire prevention work in the southwestern region, especially in ethnic minority areas, and difficulties in fire source management and prediction. Based on this, how to scientifically and effectively prevent and manage forest and grassland fires in southwestern ethnic minority areas, and find more practical and feasible forest and grassland fire prevention strategies is an important way for China to make breakthroughs in forest and grassland fire prevention work in southwestern ethnic areas, and even the entire southwestern region.

Research on the Investment of Chinese and Korean Enterprises in the Middle East Arab Market

Zhiyuan Tang 동아시아무역학회 2023 Journal of East Asian Trade(JEAT) Vol.5 No.1

Purpose - The Middle East is experiencing constant international conflict. Still, with global investment attracting much attention, trade continues to increase, and the image of war-torn areas is changing gradually. Design/Methodology/Approach - Many countries in the Middle East are opening up their markets from oil and state monopolies, trying to attract investment and participate in the construction of diversified domestic industries. Findings - These countries are actively promoting that they are safe and reliable investors, regardless of regional conflicts, when political instability or tension in certain regions of the Middle East increases. In addition, Korean and Chinese companies are increasingly interested in the Middle East due to increased economic exchanges between Arab countries and China, increased investment in infrastructure by oil-producing countries, and increased imports and exports of Korean products. However, companies seeking access to Middle Eastern markets often face more complex problems than when they entered other regions. Research Implications - Investment in the Middle East market depends on the needs of related companies and governments in the Middle East, so it isn't easy to find a common point of contact. The number of Arab countries in the Middle East, including Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Qatar, and Palestine, is estimated to be about 20. By analyzing the practicality and applicability of commercial and corporate laws in these countries, we will give some legal issues that Chinese and Korean companies should pay attention to when investing in the Middle East market.

Analog-Assisted Digital Capacitorless Low-Dropout Regulator Supporting Wide Load Range

Tang, Nghia,Tang, Yangyang,Zhou, Zhiyuan,Nguyen, Bai,Hong, Wookpyo,Zhang, Philipp,Kim, Jong-Hoon,Heo, Deukhyoun Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2019 IEEE transactions on industrial electronics Vol.66 No.3

<P>Capacitorless (CL) low-dropout regulators (LDO) have gained significant research interest for point-of-load voltage regulation without off-chip capacitors. While analog CL-LDOs can deliver superior power supply rejection (PSR), digital CL-LDOs are more scalable and efficient. To achieve the advantages of both types, this paper presents a digital CL-LDO with an analog PSR enhancer, delivering strong PSR without compromising scalability and efficiency. Load regulation is performed by an asynchronous digital feedback controller for fast transient response and scalable load drivability. PSR is achieved by a load-insensitive wide-bandwidth analog controller. A prototype chip of the analog-assisted digital CL-LDO is fabricated in a 130-nm CMOS process with an active area of 0.0645 mm<SUP>2</SUP> , supporting load current up to 50 mA at nominal 1-V input and 0.8-V output. The measured PSR is better than –20 dB for frequencies up to 10 MHz, and the measured current efficiency peaks at 99.3%, with average current efficiency of 96.7% across 50× load range. The measured transient response to a full load step, with two values of load capacitance (100 pF and 10 nF), demonstrates the LDO's stable operation over a wide range of load resistance and capacitance.</P>

A Study on the Corporate Entity and Doctrine of Disregard of Corporate Entity: Comparison the Doctrine of Disregard of Corporate Entity System between China and Korea

Zhiyuan Tang,Luyao Wang 동아시아무역학회 2021 Journal of East Asian Trade(JEAT) Vol.3 No.2

Purpose – Through the analysis of many problems, we can see the two countries will then compare and comprehensively review their corporate personality denial systems to find out their strengths and weaknesses and complementarity. Finally, improvement and development of the two countries’ corporate personality denial systems are proposed. Design/Methodology/Approach – Independent corporate personality and limited liability of shareholders are the two basic principles of the corporate system, which can support the superiority of the corporate system. A legal umbrella was placed between shareholders and creditors based on the company’s independent corporate character and limited liability, but the relationship between shareholders and companies was not severed. Findings – Although the legislation of Korean and Chinese companies stipulates the denial of corporate status, there are many problems in practical interpretation and application. This paper begins with the theory of the actual existence of corporate personality and interprets the essence of corporate personality. At the same time, this paper discusses the legal principles of the denial of corporate character and expounds the characteristics of the two countries. Research Implications – Shareholders actively participate in management to ensure the best interests of the company to avoid losses and restrictions caused by the separation of the company from personality. Sometimes, however, shareholders have to abuse their corporate credentials in the process of pursuing these interests.

A Study on the Guarantee of Chinese One-man Company for Its Shareholders

Zhiyuan Tang 동북아경상학회 2023 동북아경상연구 Vol.4 No.1

Purpose - Research the legality of one member company’s shareholder guarantee. First of all, as far as the legislative purpose of the decision-making power of the shareholders’ meeting and the procedure for shareholders to avoid voting under the special guarantee stipulated in the Company Law of China is concerned, its legislative purpose is to prevent major shareholders from abusing their rights, protection of the Company and minority shareholders. Design/Methodology/Approach - There is no difference between large and small shareholders in a one-person company. The only shareholder of a one-person company is the only participant in the company’s operation and decision-making, who has the most direct understanding of the company’s operation, and has the most clear judgment on the company’s major issues. The oneness of the shareholders of a human company makes their behavior not only represent the will of shareholders, but also reflect the will of the company. Findings - Therefore, the Company Law does not deny the legality of one person’s company’s guarantee for shareholders. Secondly, the current Company Law has legally confirmed the full guarantee capacity of the company, and it is legitimate for the company to provide guarantees for others, shareholders or actual controllers of the company. Research Implications - Based on not violating the relevant principles of the Company Law, one person company’s provision of security for its shareholders belongs to the territory of “company autonomy”. As long as its procedures are legitimate, its behavior naturally has legitimacy.

韩国垄断市场和垄断企业的国际化方案研究

唐志远,(Zhiyuan Tang),王璐,瑶,(Luyao Wang) 동북아경상학회 2021 동북아경상연구 Vol.2 No.2

李永焕(2010)认为韩国区分市场的核心条件是决定市场结构的因素和价格控制能力。即: 适度规模;商品替代性;相互依赖;准入壁垒。价格控制能力有效的是完全竞争市场, 价格控制能力无效的, 能分为垄断市场、垄断性竞争市场、寡头市场。垄断市场与完全竞争市场最大的不同之处在于供应商占有市场力量。对于在完全竞争市场向消费者供应的同一商品, 如果只是单纯的价格接受者的作用, 在垄断市场的供应者就具备垄断的作用(金大植·卢英基·安国信·李钟哲, 2019)。这就意味通过拥有决定价格的能力, 就可以获得高于平均收益的机会。即, 市场力量决定着产品价格会受到影响。 权五乘(2000)认为在企业活动和数量方面, 完全竞争市场中的竞争企业会认为价格是已定好的, 而相反, 垄断企业却可以独自决定价格。在本文中, 笔者想通过介绍韩国垄断市场和垄断企业的国际化方案, 和各位一起探讨垄断企业为什么可以任意定价?垄断企业为何能拥有市场的强大垄断力量?通过对这些问题的分析, 找到对中国垄断市场和垄断企业有效的改善方案。本论文具体包括了六个部分的内容: 韩国垄断市场简述;韩国垄断市场和垄断企业产生的原因;韩国市场现有垄断企业简介及优缺点分析;韩国垄断市场和垄断企业的经济效果观望;韩国垄断企业的国际化方案(改善方案)评析;韩国垄断企业国际化方案对于中国的借鉴等。 Purpose – Through the analysis of many problems, we can see how the inefficiency of monopolistic markets and monopolistic enterprises can harm markets and international markets. Design/Methodology/Approach – Korea s monopoly market is one of the structures of the Korean market, and unlike the fully competitive market, it is necessary to conduct more research since it is the most frequent content in various microeconomic studies. There are four types of market structure in Korea, which are classified according to the characteristics of the product, the number of competitors, and what characteristics of the market. Findings – There are four core determinants of market structure: moderate size; substitutability of production; interdependence; barriers to entry. The biggest difference between a monopoly market and a fully competitive market is that the supplier has market power. For the same product that is supplied to consumers in a fully competitive market, the supplier in a monopolistic market can play a monopoly role if it is simply a price receiver. This means that by having the ability to determine prices, opportunities to achieve higher than average returns are available. Inother words, market forces mean that product prices will be affected. Research Implications – Exploring why monopolistic firms can price at will? Why do monopolies have a strong monopoly power in the market? And how did they create a so-called entry barrier that would make it impossible for other competing firms?

韩国垄断市场和垄断企业的相关研究

唐志远,(Zhiyuan Tang),王璐,瑶,(Luyao Wang) 동북아경상학회 2021 동북아경상연구 Vol.2 No.1

韩国的垄断市场(monopoly market)是韩国市场结构(Market Structure)之一, 与完全竞争市场不同, 是各种微观经济学考察中出现最频繁的内容, 因此有必要进行更多的研究。韩国文化振兴院(2003)提出韩国市场结构分为4种, 以产品特性、竞争者的数量等为标准, 以市场具有何种特性来分类。市场结构的核心决定因素有四种: 适度规模; 生产物的替代性; 相互依赖性; 进入障碍。李俊九(2019)认为垄断市场与完全竞争市场最大的不同之处在于供应商拥有市场力量(market power)。对于在完全竞争市场向消费者供应的同一产品, 如果只是单纯的价格接受者(price-taker)的作用, 在垄断市场的供应者就会起到垄断的作用。这意味着, 通过拥有决定价格的能力, 就可以获得高于平均收益的机会。李俊九、李昌镛(2020)认为《换句话说, 市场力量意味着产品价格会受到影响。探讨垄断企业为什么可以任意定价?垄断企业为何会拥有市场的强大垄断力量?又是怎么制造出存在使其他竞争企业无法进入的所谓”门槛(entry barrier)”?通过对众多问题的分析, 让我们直观的看到垄断市场和垄断企业的非效率性是怎样对市场, 包括国际市场造成损害的。再以寡头市场和寡头企业的非效率性为例来做具体的说明, 并对相关改善措施的可行性予以探讨。 Purpose - Through the analysis of many problems, we can see how the inefficiency of monopolistic markets and monopolistic enterprises can harm markets and international markets. Design/Methodology/Approach - Korea s monopoly market is one of the structures of the Korean market, and unlike the fully competitive market, it is necessary to conduct more research since it is the most frequent content in various microeconomic studies. There are four types of market structure in Korea, which are classified according to the characteristics of the product, the number of competitors, and what characteristics of the market. Findings - There are four core determinants of market structure: moderate size; substitutability of production; interdependence; barriers to entry. The biggest difference between a monopoly market and a fully competitive market is that the supplier has market power. For the same product that is supplied to consumers in a fully competitive market, the supplier in a monopolistic market can play a monopoly role if it is simply a price receiver. This means that by having the ability to determine prices, opportunities to achieve higher than average returns are available .In other words, market forces mean that product prices will be affected. Research Implications - Exploring why monopolistic firms can price at will? Why do monopolies have a strong monopoly power in the market? And how did they create a so-called entry barrier that would make it impossible for other competing firms?

Power Loss and Junction Temperature Analysis in the Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems

Wang, Haitian,Tang, Guangfu,He, Zhiyuan,Cao, Junzheng The Korean Institute of Power Electronics 2015 JOURNAL OF POWER ELECTRONICS Vol.15 No.3

The power loss of the controllable switches in modular multilevel converter (MMC) HVDC transmission systems is an important factor, which can determine the design of the operating junction temperatures. Due to the dc current component, the approximate calculation tool provided by the manufacturer of the switches cannot be used for the losses of the switches in the MMC. Based on the enabled probabilities of each SM in an arm, the current analytical models of the switches can be determined. The average and RMS currents can be obtained from the corresponding current analytical model. Then, the conduction losses can be calculated, and the switching losses of the switches can be estimated according to the upper limit of the switching frequency. Finally, the thermal resistance model of the switches can be utilized, and the junction temperatures can be estimated. A comparison between the calculation and PSCAD simulation results shows that the proposed method is effective for estimating the junction temperatures of the switches in the MMC.