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Beneficial and adverse effects of toad venom, a traditional Oriental medicine
Xie Jing-Tian,Maleckar Spring A.,Yuan Chun-Su Kyung Hee Oriental Medicine Research Center 2002 Oriental pharmacy and experimental medicine Vol.2 No.1
Toad venom, 'Chan su' in Chinese and 'somso' in Korean, is a well-known traditional oriental medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of the toad. Formulations of toad venom have been widely applied in China, Japan, Korea and other oriental countries for a long time. It is often found in traditional Chinese formulations, such as Jiuxin (or Kyushin in Japan), Yixin, Huoxin, Shexiang baoxin wan, Lu shen wan and Laryngitis pills. According to a pharmaceutical chemistry study, toad venom contains multiple biological active substances, such as bufalin, resibufogenin and cinobufagin. Modern pharmacological studies indicated that toad venom has multiple pharmacological actions, including acting as a cardiotonic, antitumor local anesthetic effects, stimulates the respiratory center, vasopressor action, anti-inflammatory and diuretic effects. Like other medications, toad venom also has certain toxicity and adverse effects, for example, inducing delayed afterdepolarization and triggered arrhythmia. The major chemical constituents, basic pharmacological actions and adverse reactions of toad venom are discussed in this article.
Su-Yuan Seo,Boon-Jo Rho 한국동물분류학회 2015 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.31 No.1
Colonial ascidians, Clavelina elegans (Oka, 1927) and Clavelina miniata Watanabe & Tokioka, 1973 are reported for the first time in Korean waters. As a result of this study, three species of the genus Clavelina are now recorded in Korean fauna. Clavelina elegans and C. miniata have been reported only from Japan. We expanded the distribution range of these species to Korea. The specimens of C. elegans and C. miniata were collected from the subtidal zone of Beomseom and Chagwido in Jeju-do by SCUBA diving. Detailed descriptions, illustrations and photographs of these species are provided in this paper.
First Record of the Genus and Species, Thetys vagina (Thaliacea: Salpida: Salpidae) in Korea
Su Yuan Seo,Sun Woo Kim,Jung Hye Won 한국동물분류학회 2020 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.36 No.3
Pelagic tunicate, Thetys vagina Tilesius, 1802, is newly reported from Korean waters. The genus Thetys Tilesius, 1802 is also first recorded as Korean fauna. Thetys vagina is the only valid species in the genus Thetys. It is distinct from other genera by having at least 16 body muscles widely interrupted, no anterior proboscis, bent alimentary canal in the solitary oozooid, and five narrow body muscles, no ventral peduncle, an almost compact loop alimentary canal in the aggregate blastozooids. The specimens of T. vagina examined in this study were collected at the subtidal zone of Ulleung-do Island by scuba diving. In this paper, the detailed descriptions and photographs of both the solitary and aggregate living forms of T. vagina are provided.
A First Record of the Genus Eusynstyela (Ascidiacea: Stolidobranchia: Styelidae) from Korea
Su-Yuan Seo,Boon-Jo Rho 한국동물분류학회 2014 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.30 No.4
Colonial ascidian, Eusynstyela monotestis (Tokioka, 1953), is newly reported from Korean waters. The specimens of E. monotestis examined in this study were collected at subtidal zone of Beomseom, Munseom, Seopseom and Chagwido in Jeju-do by SCUBA diving. The genus Eusynstyela Michaelsen, 1904 is also new to Korean waters and it is distinct from other genera by having branchial sac with folds, longitudinal stigmata, hermaphrodite gonads on both sides, 1-2 male follicles in each gonad and body wall with endocarps. Eusynstyela monotestis is distinct from other species by having gonad with only single male follicle. In this paper, detailed descriptions and photographs of Eusynstyela monotestis (Tokioka, 1953) are provided.
Su Yuan Seo 한국동물분류학회 2021 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.37 No.4
The genus Rhopalaea Philippi, 1843 is firstly recorded as a Korean fauna. It is distinct from other genera of Diazonidae in order Aplousobranchia by having solitary individuals or at most two embedded in a common test. Solitary ascidian, Rhopalaea crassa (Herdman, 1880), is also newly reported from Korean waters. Rhopalaea crassa has a club-shaped body, developed thorax, a vertical gut loop and yellow patches in transparent test. Specimens of R. crassa examined in this study were collected from the subtidal zone of Jeju-do Island by scuba diving. In this paper, detailed descriptions and photographs of specimens and living forms of R. crassa are provided.
Fermentative Production of Anka-pigments (Monascus-pigments)
Yuan, Chi Su 한국산업미생물학회 1983 한국미생물·생명공학회지 Vol.11 No.4
Anka is made from rice inoculated with Monascus anka by a solid state fermentation. In China it is primarily used for food coloring and manufactured of red rice wine. Recently, M. anka V-204, a mutant of M. anka induced by N-methyl-N -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine treatment, was isolated and utilized for the production of Anka-pigments (Monascus-pigments) by a submerged culture. The optimal cultural conditions were: pH of the medium, 6.0; temperature, 30℃; carbon source, rice powder, nitrogen source, monosodium glutamate or potassium nitrate. After 6 day's fermentation, the yield of red pigment (O. D. 500㎚) and yellow pigment (O. D. 400㎚) were 155.6 and 118.9 per milliliter of the fermentation broth, respectively. Mycelial forms of this strain were correlated with pigment formation in a submerged culture. As it grew into the intermediate forms between pulp and pellet type, the yield of pigment was at high level. The Monascus-pigments obtained seemed to be firmly bound to the protein-like substances which made the pigments visibly soluble. From the observation of the morphogenesis, it was found that the strain was propagated by sexual reproduction more frequently than asexual reproduction and the inhibition of the formation of conidia was reflected by a stimulating effect on the production of Monascus-pigment.
Two New Records of Eudistoma (Aplousobranchia: Polycitoridae) from Korea
Su Yuan Seo The Korean Society of Systematic Zoology 2024 Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity Vol.40 No.1
Two colonial ascidians, Eudistoma glaucum and Eudistoma purpureum, are reported for the first time in Korean waters through taxonomic study on ascidians collected from a subtidal zone of Jejudo Island. Eudistoma glaucum is distinguished by opaque green color of colony in living, massive colony with large corona, smooth surface of corona, sparse sand only at the peduncle, zooids in circle, about 8-10 stigmata of 3 stigmata rows and test process. Eudistoma purpureum is distinguished by brilliant, opaque, purple color of colony in living, less lobed colony form, smooth shiny surface, sparse sand only at the basal test, absence of symbionts, zooids in circle, no distinct bulging sphincter in siphon, long atrial siphon and about 20 stigmata of 3 stigmata rows. As a result of this study, four species of the genus Eudistoma are now recorded in Korean fauna.
Chemical and Pharmacological Studies of Saponins with a Focus on American Ginseng
Yuan, Chun-Su,Wang, Chong-Zhi,Wicks, Sheila M.,Qi, Lian-Wen The Korean Society of Ginseng 2010 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.34 No.3
Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng) and American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) are the two most recognized ginseng botanicals. It is believed that the ginseng saponins called ginsenosides are the major active constituents in both ginsengs. Although American ginseng is not as extensively studied as Asian ginseng, it is one of the best selling herbs in the US, and has garnered increasing attention from scientists in recent years. In this article, after a brief introduction of the distribution and cultivation of American ginseng, we discuss chemical analysis of saponins from these two ginsengs, i.e., their similarities and differences. Subsequently, we review pharmacological effects of the saponins, including the effects on the cardiovascular system, immune system, and central nervous system as well as the anti-diabetes and anti-cancer effects. These investigations were mainly derived from American ginseng studies. We also discuss evidence suggesting that chemical modifications of ginseng saponins would be a valuable approach to develop novel compounds in drug discovery.