강원지역 태권도 대중화를 위한 태권도 민간시설 운영 실태에 관한 연구

나윤수,김희철,김륭희 한국스포츠리서치 2003 한국 스포츠 리서치 Vol.20 No.1

The question survey on the realities of the T'aekwondo facilities under private management result in a quarter tendency respond to better the male teacher than schoolmistress. After all, for popularization, the policy make an incentive offer to the male teacher better than schoolmistress consider, therefore ratio of female and male teacher is equal. The survey about type of facilities occupies an entire private management and the T'aekwondo facilities rely on private management because corporate, public and office facilities are not nearly. So, urgent questionsan make use of auxiliary organ of a university and public, office facilities. An aspect of facilities and equipment, significance test for the location depend on province and district result in somewhat discrepancy. That is, duty time of teacher depend on province better than district is somewhat much. T'aekwondo facilities and conditions for the location depend on province and district is somewhat discrepancy, but income of a month is no discrepancy. The period of duty better than other conditions an effect influence on income of a month. The most T'aekwondo teacher work on average 9 hours a day(about 46 %) and average duty period is between 2 and 3 year, if average duty period more than 4 years, tendency to workshop change or convert other types of business. therefore event is made from setting up concept of his whole workshop. The net payment, income of a month, most of teacher is between \1,000,000 and \1,200,000 , high frequency and the low income bracket better than other the kind of occupation. So, the system about payment based on ability and result, a bonus become established

평야지재배 조생종 벼의 이화학적 및 식미특성 분석

정진일,김기영,최윤희,최원영,고종철,오명규,홍하철,이승엽,이명철 한국국제농업개발학회 2004 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.16 No.4

평야지재배 적응 조생종 벼 품종의 선발 및 품종 육성의 기초 자료로 활용코자 극조생종(1품종)과 조생종(10품종) 및 준조생(3품종)등 총 14품종을 산간지(운봉)와 평야지(익산)에 지역별 표준재배법으로 공시한 결과, 1. 극조생종 및 조생종들은 감온성이 커 산간지에서 출수가 빠르나, 준조생종에 속하는 상미벼, 영덕34호, 히또메보레 등은 감광성이 감온성보다 커, 평야지재배에서 4일정도 빨리 출수하였다. 2. 수량성은 대부분의 품종들이 산간지재배에 비해 평야지 재배에서 높았고 대체로 출수가 빠른 품종일수록 지역간의 수량차가 크게 나타났으며, 출수가 다소 늦은 준조생종들은 산간지와 평야지의 재배에서 수량차가 크지 않아 산간지 뿐만 아니라 평야지에서도 적응성이 높았다. 3. 단백질함량은 숙기가 다소 늦은 품종일수록 낮은 경향을 보였고 산간지보다는 평야지에서 낮았으며, 품종간에는 오대벼, 운봉30호, 영덕34호, 신석조생, 상미벼 등이 함유량이 낮았다. 4. 식미치는 산간지재배가 평야지에 비해 보다 높게 나타났고, 출수가 늦을수록 높았으며, 지역간 차가 크게 나타난 품종은 극조생종인 키라라397이었고, 출수가 늦은 상미벼와 히또메보레는 차가 적었다. 5. 산온도와 수량과의 상관은 산간지에서만 영향이 있을 뿐 평야에서는 영향이 적고 일사량과 일조시수가 수량에 보다 상관성이 높았으며, 식미치는 적산온도와는 부의상관, 생육 일수와는 정상관을 보였다. This experiment was carried out to clarify the difference of rice yield and the quality of rice in southern plan area and in alpine area. Yield and quality of fourteen early varieties were investigated under the different transplanting dates and planting densities in southern plan area(Iksan) and in alpine area(Unbong). In the alpine area, extremely early variety and early varieties headed early compared to the plain area, but medium early varieties headed about 4 days late unlike the alpine area. The yield difference of most early varieties including Kilara 397 of extremely early flowering variety were greater in plain area than in alpine. The different of yield between plain and alpine area was less in varieties with Sinseogjosaeng, Odaebyeo, Akidagomachi, and Yeungdeuk34. The rate of protein was lower in plain area than alpine and more lately flowering than early, but palatability of milled rice was higher at the alpine area and more lately flowering varieties. Correlation coefficients between yield and meterological data during maturity, yield shower the significant correlation with integrated solar radiation and sunshine hours at cultured in southern plan area, but it showed only cumulative temperature in alpine area. Palatability of miller rice was positive correlation at growth duration but negative correlation at cumulative temperature.

Propofol protects human keratinocytes from oxidative stress via autophagy expression

Yoon, Ji-Young,Jeon, Hyun-Ook,Kim, Eun-Jung,Kim, Cheul-Hong,Yoon, Ji-Uk,Park, Bong-Soo,Yu, Su-Bin,Kwak, Jin-Won The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2017 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.17 No.1

Background: The skin consists of tightly connected keratinocytes, and prevents extensive water loss while simultaneously protecting against the entry of microbial pathogens. Excessive cellular levels of reactive oxygen species can induce cell apoptosis and also damage skin integrity. Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) has antioxidant properties. In this study, we investigated how propofol influences intracellular autophagy and apoptotic cell death induced by oxidative stress in human keratinocytes. Method: The following groups were used for experimentation: control, cells were incubated under normoxia (5% $CO_2$, 21% $O_2$, and 74% $N_2$) without propofol; hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$), cells were exposed to $H_2O_2$ ($300{\mu}M$) for 2 h; propofol preconditioning (PPC)/$H_2O_2$, cells pretreated with propofol ($100{\mu}M$) for 2 h were exposed to $H_2O_2$; and 3-methyladenine $(3-MA)/PPC/H_2O_2$, cells pretreated with 3-MA (1 mM) for 1 h and propofol were exposed to $H_2O_2$. Cell viability, apoptosis, and migration capability were evaluated. Relation to autophagy was detected by western blot analysis. Results: Cell viability decreased significantly in the $H_2O_2$ group compared to that in the control group and was improved by propofol preconditioning. Propofol preconditioning effectively decreased $H_2O_2$-induced cell apoptosis and increased cell migration. However, pretreatment with 3-MA inhibited the protective effect of propofol on cell apoptosis. Autophagy was activated in the $PPC/H_2O_2$ group compared to that in the $H_2O_2$ group as demonstrated by western blot analysis and autophagosome staining. Conclusion: The results suggest that propofol preconditioning induces an endogenous cellular protective effect in human keratinocytes against oxidative stress through the activation of signaling pathways related to autophagy.

Voltage-gated calcium channels play crucial roles in the glutamate-induced phase shifts of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock

Kim, Do Young,Choi, Hee Joo,Kim, Jeong Sook,Kim, Yoon Sik,Jeong, Do Ung,Shin, Hyung Cheul,Kim, Mi Jin,Han, Hee-Chul,Hong, Seung Kil,Kim, Yang In Blackwell Science Ltd 2005 The European journal of neuroscience Vol.21 No.5

<P>Abstract</P><P>The resetting of the circadian clock based on photic cues delivered by the glutamatergic retinohypothalamic tract is an important process helping mammals to function adaptively to the daily light–dark cycle. To see if the photic resetting relies on voltage-gated Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> channels (VGCCs), we examined the effects of VGCC blockers on the glutamate-induced phase shifts of circadian firing activity rhythms of suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons in hypothalamic slices. First, we found that a cocktail of amiloride, nimodipine and &ohgr;-conotoxin MVIIC (T-, L- and NPQ-type VGCC antagonists, respectively) completely blocked both phase delays and advances, which were, respectively, induced by glutamate application in early and late night. Next, we discovered that: (i) amiloride and another T-type VGCC antagonist, mibefradil, completely obstructed the delays without affecting the advances; (ii) nimodipine completely blocked the advances while having less impact on delays; and (iii) &ohgr;-conotoxin MVIIC blocked largely, if not entirely, both delays and advances. Subsequent whole-cell recordings revealed that T-type Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> currents in neurons in the ventrolateral, not dorsomedial, region of the SCN were larger during early than late night, whereas L-type Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> currents did not differ from early to late night in both regions. These results indicate that VGCCs play important roles in glutamate-induced phase shifts, T-type being more important for phase delays and <SMALL>L</SMALL>-type being so for phase advances. Moreover, the results point to the possibility that a nocturnal modulation of T-type Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> current in retinorecipient neurons is related to the differential involvement of T-type VGCC in phase delays and advances.</P>

Spatial and temporal variabilities of spring asian dust events and their impacts on chlorophyll‐a concentrations in the western north pacific ocean

Yoon, Joo‐,Eun,Kim, Kitae,Macdonald, Alison M.,Park, Ki‐,Tae,Kim, Hyun‐,Cheol,Yoo, Kyu‐,Cheul,Yoon, Ho‐,Il,Yang, Eun Jin,Jung, Jinyoung,Lim, Jae‐,Hyun American Geophysical Union 2017 Geophysical Research Letters Vol. No.

uPAR expression under hypoxic conditions depends on iNOS modulated ERK phosphorylation in the MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell line

Yoon, So Young,Lee, Yoo Jung,Seo, Jae Hong,Sung, Hwa Jung,Park, Kyong Hwa,Choi, In Keun,Kim, Seok Jin,Oh, Sang Cheul,Choi, Chul Won,Kim, Byung Soo,Shin, Sang Won,Kim, Yeul Hong,Kim, Jun Suk Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2006 Cell research Vol.16 No.1

<P>Urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) plays a major role in cancer invasion and metastasis and uPAR expression is correlated with a poor prognosis in various cancer types. Moreover, the expression of uPAR is increased under hypoxic conditions. Nitric oxide (NO) and its metabolites produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are important products of hypoxic stress, and NO may activate or modulate extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). Here, we evaluated uPA, uPAR, and activated ERK levels under hypoxic conditions, and the modulatory effects of iNOS and NO in the MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cell line. Cells were incubated in a hypoxic or normoxic incubator and treated with PD98059 (a MEK 1/2 inhibitor, which abrogates ERK phosphorylation) and aminoguanidine (a selective iNOS inhibitor). uPAR expression, ERK phosphorylation, and uPA activity were found to be increased under hypoxic conditions. Moreover, when cells were treated with PD98059 under hypoxic conditions, uPAR was downregulated, whereas aminoguanidine markedly increased ERK phosphorylation in a dose dependent manner. Furthermore, aminoguanidine increased uPAR expression and prevented the inhibition of uPAR expression by PD98059. These results demonstrated that uPAR is induced by hypoxia and that increased uPAR expression is mediated by ERK phosphorylation, which in turn is modulated by iNOS/NO in MDA-MB-231 cells. We conclude that iNOS/NO downregulates the expression of uPAR under hypoxic conditions via ERK pathway modulation.</P>

Awake intubation in a patient with huge orocutaneous fistula: a case report

Kim, Hye-Jin,Kim, So-Hyun,Kim, Tae-Heung,Yoon, Ji-Young,Kim, Cheul-Hong,Kim, Eun-Jung The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2017 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.17 No.4

Mask ventilation, the first step in airway management, is a rescue technique when endotracheal intubation fails. Therefore, ordinary airway management for the induction of general anesthesia cannot be conducted in the situation of difficult mask ventilation (DMV). Here, we report a case of awake intubation in a patient with a huge orocutaneous fistula. A 58-year-old woman was scheduled to undergo a wide excision, reconstruction with a reconstruction plate, and supraomohyoid neck dissection on the left side and an anterolateral thigh flap due to a huge orocutaneous fistula that occurred after a previous mandibulectomy and flap surgery. During induction, DMV was predicted, and we planned an awake intubation. The patient was sedated with dexmedetomidine and remifentanil. She was intubated with a nasotracheal tube using a video laryngoscope, and spontaneous ventilation was maintained. This case demonstrates that awake intubation using a video laryngoscope can be as good as a fiberoptic scope.

Reviews and syntheses: Ocean iron fertilization experiments - past, present, and future looking to a future Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES) project

Yoon, Joo-Eun,Yoo, Kyu-Cheul,Macdonald, Alison M.,Yoon, Ho-Il,Park, Ki-Tae,Yang, Eun Jin,Kim, Hyun-Cheol,Lee, Jae Il,Lee, Min Kyung,Jung, Jinyoung,Park, Jisoo,Lee, Jiyoung,Kim, Soyeon,Kim, Seong-Su,Ki Copernicus GmbH 2018 Biogeosciences Vol.15 No.19

<P><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Since the start of the industrial revolution, human activities have caused a rapid increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (<span class='inline-formula'>CO₂</span>) concentrations, which have, in turn, had an impact on climate leading to global warming and ocean acidification. Various approaches have been proposed to reduce atmospheric <span class='inline-formula'>CO₂</span>. The Martin (or iron) hypothesis suggests that ocean iron fertilization (OIF) could be an effective method for stimulating oceanic carbon sequestration through the biological pump in iron-limited, high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll (HNLC) regions. To test the Martin hypothesis, 13 artificial OIF (aOIF) experiments have been performed since 1990 in HNLC regions. These aOIF field experiments have demonstrated that primary production (PP) can be significantly enhanced by the artificial addition of iron. However, except in the Southern Ocean (SO) European Iron Fertilization Experiment (EIFEX), no significant change in the effectiveness of aOIF (i.e., the amount of iron-induced carbon export flux below the winter mixed layer depth, MLD) has been detected. These results, including possible side effects, have been debated amongst those who support and oppose aOIF experimentation, and many questions concerning the effectiveness of scientific aOIF, environmental side effects, and international aOIF law frameworks remain. In the context of increasing global and political concerns associated with climate change, it is valuable to examine the validity and usefulness of the aOIF experiments. Furthermore, it is logical to carry out such experiments because they allow one to study how plankton-based ecosystems work by providing insight into mechanisms operating in real time and under in situ conditions. To maximize the effectiveness of aOIF experiments under international aOIF regulations in the future, we therefore suggest a design that incorporates several components. (1) Experiments conducted in the center of an eddy structure when grazing pressure is low and silicate levels are high (e.g., in the SO south of the polar front during early summer). (2) Shipboard observations extending over a minimum of <span class='inline-formula'>∼40</span> days, with multiple iron injections (at least two or three iron infusions of <span class='inline-formula'>∼2000</span><span class='thinspace'></span><span class='inline-formula'>kg</span> with an interval of <span class='inline-formula'>∼10</span>-15 days to fertilize a patch of 300<span class='thinspace'></span><span class='inline-formula'>km²</span> and obtain a <span class='inline-formula'>∼2</span><span class='thinspace'></span><span class='inline-formula'>nM</span> concentration). (3) Tracing of the iron-fertilized patch using both physical (e.g., a drifting buoy) and biogeochemical (e.g., sulfur hexafluoride, photosynthetic quantum efficiency, and partial pressure of <span class='inline-formula'>CO₂</span>) tracers. (4) Employment of neutrally buoyant sediment traps (NBST) and application of the water-column-derived thorium-234 (<span class='inline-formula'>²³⁴Th</span>) method at two depths (i.e., just below the in situ MLD and at the winter MLD), with autonomous profilers equipped with an underwater video profiler (UVP) and a transmissometer. (5) Monitoring of side effects on marine/ocean ecosystems, including production of climate-relevant gases (e.g., nitrous oxide, <span class='inline-formula'>N₂O</span>; dimethyl sulfide, DMS; and halogenated volatile organic compounds, HVOCs), decline in oxygen inventory, and development of toxic algae blooms, with optical-sensor-equipped autonomous moored profilers and/or autonomous benthic vehicles. Lastly, we introduce the scientific aOIF<span id='page5848'/> experimental design guidelines for a future Korean Iron Fertilization Experiment in the Southern Ocean (KIFES).</p> </P>

Damage to the pilot balloon of the nasotracheal tube during orthognathic double-jaw surgery: A case report

Kim, Eun-Jung,Yoon, Ji-Young,Woo, Mi-Na,Kim, Cheul-Hong,Yoon, Ji-Uk,Jeon, Da-Nee The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2015 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.15 No.2

In oral and maxillofacial surgery, many complications associated with nasotracheal tube can be caused. In this case, we reported ballooning tube damage of nasotracheal tube during orthognathic double-jaw surgery and replacement of tube through cut down of tube and tube exchange using airway exchange catheter. The patient scheduled for high Le Fort I osteotomy and bilateral sagittal split osteotomy was intubated nasotracheally with nasal endotracheal tube. During maxilla osteotomy, air bubble was detected in the oral blood. In spite of our repeated ballooning, the results were the same so we changed damaged tube using airway exchange catheter aseptically. Tiny and superficial cutting site was detected in the middle of pilot tube. As we know in our case, tiny injury impeded a normal airway management and prevention is important.

Remifentanil Protects Human Keratinocyte Through Autophagic Expression

Kim, Eok Nyun,Park, Chang Hoon,Woo, Mi Na,Yoon, Ji Young,Park, Bong Soo,Kim, Yong Ho,Kim, Cheul Hong The Korean Dental Society of Anesthsiology 2014 Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Vol.14 No.2

Background: Remifentanil, an ultra-short-acting mu-opioid receptor agonist, is unique from other opioids because of its esterase-based metabolism, minimal accumulation, and very rapid onset and offset of clinical action. Remifentanil can prevent the inflammatory response and can suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in a septic mouse model. However, the effects of remifentanil on human keratinocyte and autophagy have yet to be fully elucidated during hypoxia-reoxygenation. Here we investigated whether remifentanil confers protective effect against hypoxia-reoxygenation in human keratinocyte and, if so, whether autophagy mediates this effect. Methods: The human keratinocytes were cultured under 1% oxygen tension. The cells were gassed with 94% $N_2$, and 5% $CO_2$ and incubated for 24 h at $37^{\circ}C$. To determine whether the administration of affects human keratinocytes hypoxia-reoxygenation injury, cells were then exposed to various concentrations of remifentanil (0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ng/ml) for 2 h. After remifentanil treatment, to simulate reoxygenation and recovery, the cells were reoxygenated for 12 h at $37^{\circ}C$. Control group did not receive remifentanil treatment. Normoxia group did not receive hypoxia and remifentanil treatment for 36 h. 3-MA group was treated 3-methyladenine (3-MA) for 1h before remifentanil treatment. Cell viability was measured using a quantitative colorimetric assay with MTT, showing the mitochondrial activity of living cells. Cells were stained with fluorescence and analyzed with Western blot analysis to find out any relations with activation of autophagy. Results: Prominent accumulation of autophagic specific staining MDC was observed around the nuclei in RPT group HaCaT cells. Similarly, AO staining, red fluorescent spots appeared in RPT group HaCaT cells, while the Normoxia, control and 3-MA groups showed mainly green cytoplasmic fluorescence. We here examined activation of autophagy related protein under H/R-induced cells by Western blotting analysis. Atg5, Beclin-1, LC3-II (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 form II) and p62 was elevated in RPT group cells. But they were decreased when autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA (Fig. 5). Conclusions: Although the findings of this study are limited to an in vitro interpretation, we suggest that remifentanil may have a beneficial effect in the recovery of wound from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury.