노인장기요양보험 재정의 지속가능성과 세대 간 공평성

김용하 ( Kim¸ Yongha ) 한국보건사회연구원 2020 保健社會硏究 Vol.40 No.4

노인장기요양보험의 재정지출이 급속히 증가됨에 따라 당기재정수지는 2016년 적자로 전환된 이후 2019년 기준으로 6,601억원의 적자가 발생하였고, 누적수지는 2015년말 최대 2조 3,524억원에서 2019년에는 7,097억원으로 감소했다. 이에 따라 동 보험의 소득대비 보험료율도 2008년 0.21%에서 2020년 0.68%로 3배 이상 인상되었다. 본 논문에서는 노인장기요양보험의 재정지출의 증가를 요인별로 분석하고, 이를 기초로 장기적인 재정전망을 함으로써 재정의 지속가능성을 점검하고, 이에 따른 세대별 비용부담의 변화 추이를 살펴보고 동 제도에 의한 세대간 재분배의 정도를 분석하고자 하였다. 분석 결과, 노인장기요양보험의 재정지출의 증가는 인구고령화에 따른 노인인구의 급속한 증가, 인정률의 상향 조정, 보험수가의 인상에 따른 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 추세가 지속될 경우, 노인장기요양보험료율은 2024년에 1%를 넘어서고, 2036년에는 2%를, 2042년에는 3%를, 2048년에 4%를, 2055년에는 5%를 넘어서 2065년에는 6.4% 수준으로 높아져야 그 당시의 재정지출을 감당할 수 있을 것으로 전망된다. 이는 미래세대로 갈수록 비용부담이 급속히 증가됨을 의미한다. 노인장기요양보험에 대한미래 세대의 비용부담을 적정수준으로 완화하기 위해서는 재정지출의 증가요인을 가능한 억제하고, 노인장기요양보험의 적립금을 가능한 많이 쌓아갈 수 있도록 재정방식을 개편하고, 노인장기요양보험의 적립금 누적과 공공기금화를 위한 관련 법령의 개정이 필요함을 제안하고 있다. As fiscal expenditures for long-term care insurance (LTC) increased rapidly, the current fiscal balance turned to a deficit in 2016, resulting in a deficit of 660 billion won in 2019 in Korea. The accumulated balance decreased from a maximum of 2,352.4 billion won at the end of 2015 to 709.7 billion won in 2019. As a result, the premium-to-income ratio of the insurance also tripled from 0.21% in 2008 to 0.68% in 2020. In this article, we analyze the increase in financial expenditure of LTC by factors and check fiscal sustainability through a long-term fiscal outlook. Also the degree of redistribution between generations was analyzed by looking at the change in cost burden by generation. As a result, the increase in fiscal expenditure of LTC was due to the rapid increase of the elderly population, an increase in the recognition rate, and an increase in insurance unit prices. If this trend continues, the premium rate will exceed 1% in 2024, 3% in 2042, and 6.4% in 2065. It is suggested that in order to alleviate the cost burden of future generations to an appropriate level, it is necessary to suppress the factors of increasing fiscal expenditure and to reorganized the financial method to accumulate as much reserves for the LTC. It is proposed that related laws need to be revised for accumulating LTC reserves and making public funding.

The Sinminhoe's Independence Movement during the Last Years of the Chosŏn Dynasty

신용하 ( Shin¸ Yong-ha ) 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 1994 Seoul journal of Korean studies Vol.7 No.-

Optimal Design of a Composite Lattice Rectangular Plate for Solar Panels of a High-Agility Satellite

Yongha Kim,Pyunghwa Kim,Hiyeop Kim,Jungsun Park 한국항공우주학회 2018 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.19 No.3

This paper proposes that a composite lattice rectangular plate is applied to the solar panel for a high-agility satellite. We define the modified effective membrane stiffness, bending stiffness considering the directionally dependent mechanical properties to an intersection and mode shape function of the composite lattice rectangular plate, which is assumed to be a Kirchhoff–Love plate. We subsequently present an approximate method of conducting vibration, buckling analyses of the lattice plate for the solar panel with a torsional spring using the Ritz method. This method considers the buckling as well as the vibration characteristics (natural frequencies and modes). The validity of the present method is verified by comparing the results of the finite-element analysis. Finally, we apply the method to optimize the lattice plate for a solar panel in a high-agility satellite minimizing mass with a limited area. Consequently, we conclude that the present method is very useful not only vibration and buckling analyses of the composite lattice structures but also optimization due to their relative simplicity and computational efficiency.

Diclofenac Inhibits 27-hydroxycholesterol-induced Differentiation of Monocytic Cells into Mature Dendritic Cells

Yonghae Son,Bo-Young Kim,Young Chul Park,Koanhoi Kim 대한면역학회 2017 Immune Network Vol.17 No.3

Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Environmentally Benign Silicone Foam Filled with Wollastonite

( Yongha Kim ),( Hyeonwoo Joeng ),( Kyoung Won Lee ),( Sosan Hwang ),( Sang Eun Shim ) 한국고무학회 2020 엘라스토머 및 콤포지트 Vol.55 No.4

In recent times, polymeric foams have been popularly used in various applications. To meet the demand for these applications, polymer foams with excellent mechanical and thermal properties are required. In particular, silicone foam has gained significant attention owing to its superior thermal properties and low density. In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of silicone foams filled with wollastonite were investigated. A maximum tensile strength of 98.3 kPa was obtained by adding 15 phr of wollastonite. The specific gravity did not exhibit a marked difference up to 10 phr, but it increased substantially above 15 phr wollastonite. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that adding wollastonite to the silicone foam increased both the amount of residue and the thermal decomposition temperature. The morphologies of the silicone foams filled with wollastonite were observed by scanning electron microscopy.

color of landscape

YongHae JUNG 한국색채학회 2021 International Invitation Exhibition of Color Works Vol.- No.-

An Approximate Method for the Buckling Analysis of a Composite Lattice Rectangular Plate

Yongha Kim,Pyunghwa Kim,Hiyeop Kim,Jungsun Park 한국항공우주학회 2017 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.18 No.3

This paper defines the modified effective membrane stiffness, bending stiffness considering the directionally dependent mechanical properties and mode shape function of a composite lattice rectangular plate, which is assumed to be a Kirchhoff- Love plate. It subsequently presents an approximate method of conducting a buckling analysis of the composite lattice rectangular plate with various boundary conditions under uniform compression using the Ritz method. This method considers the coupled buckling mode as well as the global and local buckling modes. The validity of the present method is verified by comparing the results of the finite element analysis. In addition, this paper performs a parametric analysis to investigate the effects of the design parameters on the critical load and buckling mode shape of the composite lattice rectangular plate based on the present method. The results allow a database to be obtained on the buckling characteristics of composite lattice rectangular plates. Consequently, it is concluded that the present method which facilitates the calculation of the critical load and buckling mode shape according to the design parameters as well as the parametric analysis are very useful not only because of their structural design but also because of the buckling analysis of composite lattice structures.

Analysis on the body size selectivity for multi-species of discarding juvenile fishes in the bottom trawl

Yonghae KIM 한국수산해양기술학회(구 한국어업기술학회) 2019 수산해양기술연구 Vol.55 No.3

Discarding juvenile fishes under girth 16 cm nearly equal to inner perimeter of codend mesh size collected by a cover net method in bottom trawl. The body size of the main five species (mackerel, horse mackerel, sea bream, melon seed and black throat seaperch) was measured for their body length, girth, weight, height and width and analyzed size selectivity. Frequency of penetrating fish as retention in a cover net was less than 40% of total number of juvenile discarding fish. The most of body length or girth of five species were significantly different between in the codend and in the cover net. The 50% selection girth in the cover net ranged 8-11 cm were smaller than those in the codend ranged 9-13 cm by the species respectively. The 50% selection body length was significantly related with the ratio of body height (H) by body width (W) both for in the codend or in the cover net while 50% selection girth was not significantly related with H/W. Furthermore 50% selection fish size by fish species between in the codend and in the cover net was not significantly different both in body length or girth. Therefore, the girth selectivity represented possibly as one unique value regarding fish body shape was considered as more useful method for multi-species catch in trawl.

<Original Article> : Characteristics of tidal turbulence near the bottom at a coastal trench in Tongyoung, Korea

( Yonghae Kim ),( Chul Hoon Hong ) 한국어업기술학회 2014 수산해양기술연구 Vol.50 No.4

Tidal turbulence was examined using three-dimensional tidal velocity data observed at a trench offshore of Tongyoung, Korea. The kinetic energy and intensity, including the variation period of the flow velocity and direction, were used to investigate the relationships between tidal turbulence and fishing gear dynamics, including the effects of swimming fish during fishing operations. As the resultant velocity increased from 0.2 to 0.9 m/s, the kinetic energy also significantly increased, while the turbulence intensity decreased from 50 to 10%. Tidal flow in strong flow fields displayed shorter periods of between 4 and 10 s, as determined by fast Fourier transform, the global wavelet method, and peak event analysis, and the periods were compared with the period of response to swimming fish and to oscillation of fishing gear. As mean velocity increased, velocity amplitude also increased from 0.1 to 0.6 m/s, and its directional amplitude changed markedly from 20 and 90°. Our study suggests that tidal turbulence can influence fish behavior or fishing gear geometry during fishing operations, although our analysis considered only a limited area. In future work, observations should be carried out over a more extensive depth and area.

Putative association of <i>SMAPIL</i> polymorphisms with risk of aspirin intolerance in asthmatics

Yongha Kim, Jason,Kim, Jeong-Hyun,Park, Byng-Lae,Sub Cheong, Hyun,Sook Park, Jong,Soo Jang, An,Uh, Soo-Taek,Choi, Jae-Sung,Kim, Yong-Hoon,Kim, Mi-Kyeong,Choi, Inseon S.,Heon Cho, Sang,Whui Choi, Byoun Informa Healthcare 2010 The Journal of asthma Vol.47 No.9

<P><I>Background.</I> Aspirin-intolerant asthma (AIA), as a clinical syndrome caused by aspirin, is characterized by lung inflammation and reversible bronchoconstriction. Recently, the altered trafficking and diminished airway reactivity have been implicated in allergic airway remodeling. The stromal membrane-associated protein 1-like (SMAP1L) exerts common and distinct functions in vesicle trafficking including endocytosis. The disturbance of pulmonary surfactant synthesis has been elucidated to be associated with asthma experimentally. Moreover, in alveolar type II (ATII) cells that synthesize pulmonary surfactant, alterations of clathrin-dependent endocytosis cause disturbance at the surfactant function, suggesting that SMAP1L, which directly interacts with clathrin, could be associated with asthma and related phenotypes. <I>Objective.</I> To verify our hypothesis that <I>SMAP1L</I> could play a role in the development of AIA, this study investigated associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the <I>SMAP1L</I> gene and AIA. <I>Methods.</I> We conducted an association study between 19 SNPs of the <I>SMAP1L</I> gene and AIA in a total of 592 Korean subjects including 163 AIA and 429 aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA) patients. Associations between polymorphisms of <I>SMAP1L</I> and AIA were analyzed with sex, smoking status, atopy, and body mass index as covariates. <I>Results.</I> Logistic analyses revealed that three common polymorphisms, <I>rs2982510</I>, <I>rs2294752</I>, and <I>rs446738</I>, were putatively associated with the increased susceptibility to AIA (<I>p</I> = .003, <I>p</I><SUP>corr</SUP> = .004, OR = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.09-0.62 for <I>rs2982510</I> and <I>rs2294752</I>; <I>p</I> = .008, <I>p</I><SUP>corr</SUP> = .03, OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.24-0.80 for <I>rs446738</I>, in the recessive model). In addition, <I>rs2982510</I> and <I>rs2294752</I> were significantly associated with the fall of forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV<SUB>1</SUB>) by aspirin provocation (<I>p</I> = .001, <I>p</I><SUP>corr</SUP> = .04 in the recessive model for both SNPs). <I>Conclusions.</I> Our findings suggest that <I>SMAP1L</I> might be a susceptible gene to AIA, providing a new strategy for the control of aspirin intolerance.</P>