발달에 적합한 유아교육의 실제에 관한 연구

이연승 慶星大學校 1995 論文集 Vol.16 No.3

The purpose of this study is to draw the common opinion shared by early childhood curriculum theorists and developmentalists and to suggest a way for their constructing the process of early childhood curriculum that is not only developmentally appropriate also has educational value in future. To achieve this purpose, this study researches perspectives of both early childhood curriculum theorists and developmentalists. The results of this study is like following : Early childhood curriculum theorists argue that there are several problems with the justification for child-centered practices based on developmental theory and suggest an alternative model based on the concept of early childhood education as schooling for democracy as an alternative justification for a child-centered curriculum based on the principles of developmentally appropriate practices. Developmentalists provide some background information on the development of NAEYC's position statements on developmentally appropriate practice in order to place the statements in their historical context and to clarify some assumption that Kessler and others have made about NAEYC's positions and offer a justification, admittedly somewhat defensive, for the developmentalist's perspective and suggest that joining early childhood curriculum theorist's with developmentalist's will more effectively achieve their shared goal of improving curriculum and instruction for all young children. On the basis of these two perspectives, I conclude that We need to build on the common ground shared by early childhood curriculum theorists and developmentalist. Early childhood curriculum and instruction that draws on both knowledge of child development and basic tenets of schooling for democratic living is not only defensible on historic and political grounds but is also in the best interest of our children.

영아기 탁아에 관한 일 연구 : 현재와 미래의 방향

이연승 慶星大學校 1993 論文集 Vol.14 No.3

This research examines the effects of infant day care on the basis of two contrary theories, both Belsky's negative perspective and John E.Richters & Carolyn Zahn-Waxler's conceptual and methodological critique of Belsky's theory. Belsky suggests that extensive infant day care experience in the first year of life for more than 20 hours per week may effect an insecure infant-mother attachment during infancy and on subsequent aggressiveness or noncompliance of infants during the preschool and early school-age years. Belsky's position is that an association between early day care and subsequent maladjustment is due to ill effects of day care. Richters and Zahn-Waxler criticize Belsky's perspective. They emphasizes that 1) Belsky's study based on circumstantial evidence is only an inference and 2) the association between early day care and subsequent maladjustment may be occured not from the day care experience itself but from a various factors, i.e. family, parents, infants, and social milieu. The purpose of this literature research is to suggest future directions for manifold infant day care research exploring alternative models of influence factors that may explain the association of infant day care and maladjustment.

아동기 스트레스에 관한 이론적 고찰

이연승 慶星大學校 1987 부산수산대학 논문집 Vol.8 No.4

This research is on the stress that seriously impacts to the childhood which is very important period and I investigate character of stress in childhood, types of stress, and patterns of coping theoretically to give information for parent and teachers. The summary are as follows: 1. The Stresses are produced by not only negative experiences but also positive experiences, and the effect is more serious when different stresses are combined and exposured to various kind of stress than when children are exposured to a short term tension. 2. The stresses of child are constituted by three ecological systems; microsystem, exosystem, and macrosystem: first, the microsystem consists of the child's own characteristics, his family setting, and interaction patterns; second, the exosystem encompass the families social networks of acquaintances, friend, and relatives; lastly, the macrosystem is made of those cultural values and beliefs evident in the surrounding larger soiciety. 3. The types of stressor are as follows ;two parent families, one-parent families, multiparent families, permanent separation, temporary separation, divorce, physical and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect, sexual abuse and exploitation, and parental alcoholism. 4. There are two types of strategies which child copes to stress; one is that adult can help and the other is that child invents by himself. First, adults can help children to cope with stress in two important ways; one is to teach how to make friends with their peers, neighbors, and others in the community so that they have many people with whom they share affection and who will support when they are having difficulties. The second strategy is to ensure that youngsters develop sturdy feelings of competence based on their success in identifying and dealing with many different kinds of stress. As they anticipate stressful situations, they can also learn to choose effective coping thchnics. Second, patterns of coping that children invent are into the evasive mechanisms and the mature mechanisms. The evasive mechanisms are denial, regression, withdrawal, and impulsive acting out, and mature mechanisms include altruism, humor, suppression, anticipation and sublimation. Generally, children seldom use only one strateg at a time and most respond in several different ways to the same event. like above, I investigate the stress of childhood theoretically, so I can suggest as follows; 1. Parent and teaches who teach children must recognize the fact that children are also suffered by stress equally like adults. 2. Educational approach to stress is necessary 3. To resolve the stress of child effectively, clinical help and surveys of professionals are demanded.

유아를 위한 비성별주의 교육에 관한 일 연구

이연승 慶星大學校 1987 부산수산대학 논문집 Vol.8 No.1

The goals of this study is to investigate theoretically several theories of sex-roles, sex-roles in traditional kindergartens, and the methods for non-sexist roles teaching and to look into teacher's role for non-sexist education. The theories of sex-roles are divided into three dimensions : psychoanalytic, social Learning, and cognitive developmental theory. In traditional kindergarten, the sex-role is fixed. Boys stay at and interested in block corner more than girls, the other hand girls more enjoy dolls corner or drawing than boys and seem to think that dolls or drawing corner are proper to girls. Teachers also tend to encourage like this young children's behaviors. Therefore, to direct non-sexist roles to young children, we can use following several methods : hamering, music, parents, job, fables, T.V, toys, games, etc, and teachers must play androgynous role for young children, therefore traditional sex-role in young children will be changed.

유아기 발견 과학 교육에 관한 연구

이연승 慶星大學校 1998 論文集 Vol.19 No.2

The purpose of this study is to explore discovery science education in early childhood. To achieve this purpose, this study investigates concepts of discovery science, methods of discovery science, and the science participants. The one of the best means of helping children know the world at hand is to organize materials so children can explore, question, reason, and discover answers through their ow~ physical and mental activity. Discovery approach to science experiences emphasize how to find answers, as well as what can be learned. When discovery science experiences are seen as part of the child~s continuous search for knowledge, it makes good sense to support and enable that search in the classroom. Consequently, the education, teaching scientific aspirations to children since early childhood, is required and in order to achieve that goal, the conditions such as chances for scientific education, technological approaches of learning science, and materials for scientific activities must be fulfilled.

장기 이식 환자에서 Voriconazole 과 Cyclosporine 또는 Tacrolimus의 상호작용

한혜원,김재연,송영천,김승은,유성길 한국병원약사회 2009 병원약사회지 Vol.26 No.1

Abstract: In organ transplant patients, the opportunity of fungi infections such as invasive aspergillosis increase by use of immunosuppresant drugs and voriconazole is recommended as primary treatment drug. When voriconazole is administered with cyclosporine(CsA) or tacrolimus(FK506), caution about increment of blood CsA or FK506 concentrations that caused by the change of CYP3A4 activity is required but few domestic cases of interaction were reported yet, The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of voriconazole on the blood CsA or FK506 concentrations in transplant recipients and the factors of recipients that have an effect on the results. 25 transplant recipients who were administered voriconazole with CsA or FK506 from January 1 of 2006 to August 17 of 2008 in Asan Medical Center were objects (12 patients on CsA coadministration arm - 9 males, 3 females; 41~62years;2 liver, 2 kidney, 3 bone marrow, 5 heart transplant recipients, and 13 on FK506 coadministration arm - 7 males, 6 females;26~65years; 10 liver, 2 kidney, 1 heart transplant recipients). Blood CsA or FK506 concentrations before and after coadministration of voriconazole, and maximum concentration in one month from the first day of coadministration were monitored retrospectively. In most cases CsA or FK506 were administered as recommended doses regardless of coadministration of voriconazole, and blood concentration increased from 239.42±126. 77ng/ml to maximum 411.92±225. 76ng/ml in CsA coadministration arm(p=0.003), and from 7.72±2.79ng/ml to maximum 19.16±9.35ng/ml in FK506 coadministration arm(p=0.003). Gender, age, and the kind of transplant organ did not affect to the change of blood concentration in both two arms. In consequences, administration of voriconazole could affect on the blood CsA or FK506 concentration, and in cases of administra tion of voriconazole in transplant recipients treated with CsA or FK506, close monitoring and dose adjustment is needed.

디자인 요소에 따른 웨딩드레스와 바디이미지에 관한 연구

조진아,송승연 경복대학 2001 京福論叢 Vol.5 No.-

개인의 체형에 어울리는 바디이미지를 연출하기 위해서는 체형을 정확히 파악하고, 의상과 액세서리의 적절한 배치를 통하여 조화로운 표현을 하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 개인의 체형을 여섯 개로 나누었고, 웨딩드레스의 디자인 요소들을 디테일, 소재, 액세서리 등으로 나누어서 각 각을 조합하여 이상적인 코디를 하는 방법을 제시하여보았다. 각 시대나 문화권마다 이상적인 체형이나 코디 방법들이 다르지만, 현대에 가장 선호되는 체형은 키가 크고 마른 체형을 이상적인 체형으로 보아 각 체형들의 문제점을 보안하기 위한 웨딩 코디방법을 연구하려다. 웨딩드레스에서도 조화로운 코디네이션을 하기 위해서는 체형과 디자인 요소들의 다양한 배치로 새로운 코디네이션을 연출하는 것이 필요하다. 웨딩드레스에서는 패션의상과 같은 다양한 디테일의 변화는 웨딩드레스의 순결함이나 웨딩드레스의 고유의 깨끗함을 잃을 수 있기 때문에 색상이나 패턴의 변화는 줄 수 없다. 때문에, 본 연구에서는 체형에서 오는 바디이미지를 디자인의 요소들과 연관하여 적절한 코디네이션을 연구하여 보았다. To express the body image suitable to personal style, one should know the category that she can be belonged to and so provide appropriate coordination. On this study we have categorized six physical styles. We have chosen details, material, accessaries from design elements and coordinate them to look good. Ideal body image have been changed few centuries. Now accepted style is tall and slender image. So we study how to coordinate the wedding dress to look slender to cover the defect. To coordinate wedding dress harmonically we should consider physical style, design elements and rearrange them. On wedding dress coordination we should be careful to change the colour and material pattern. This change can make them to loose innocence and clean image. On this study we make effort to coordinate body image to use design elements especially details.

혈액 응고인자 Ⅷ,Ⅸ과 X에 대한 다발성응고억제인자

박찬정,조한익,박창선,권태희,김승원,오연상,최성재 大韓血液學會 1984 大韓血液學會誌 Vol.19 No.2

여성 경도 알쯔하이머형 치매군, 치매의심군 그리고 비치매 대조군간의 신경인지기능 비교

이은하,안석균,오병훈,김기현,이연희,오희철,김승민 大韓神經精神醫學會 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.1

알쯔하이머형 치매의 치료에 있어서 조기 진단과 조기 치료의 중요성이 강조되고 있다. 최근에는 임상적으로 치매의 진단 기준을 맞추지는 않으나 주관적인 기억력 저하의 호소와 인지적으로 정상이 아닌 치매의심군이란 개념이 소개되었으며, 1982년 Hughes등은 임상치매척도(Clinical Dementia Rating ; 이하 CDR)란 진단도구를 개발하여 그 CDR 점수가 0.5점인 대상을 치매의심군으로 정의하였다. 치매의심군에 대한 장기간의 추시를 통하여 치매의심군은 알쯔하이머형 치매의 매우 조기 단계(very early stage)일 것이라는 주장을 하는 연구 결과들이 있었다. 알쯔하이머형 치매의 진단에 현재까지 알려진 가장 예민한 도구는 적절한 문진(good history)과 신경인지기능학적 평가를 통한 이차성 기억력 특히 지연회상(delayed recall)의 장애를 확인하는 것이라고 알려져 있다. 이에 치매의심군을 진단하기 위해서 치매의심군의 신경인지기능학적 특징을 아는 것은 치매의심군의 진단과 치매로 진행할 지의 여부를 결정짓는 예측인자를 정하는 데에도 도움이 될 것이다. 본 연구는 경도 알쯔하이머형 치매군, 치매군 및 비치매 대조군 간의 주의력, 기억력, 시지각공간능력, 언어능력 및 고위피질기능 등의 신경인지기능을 비교함으로써 치매의심군의 신경인지기능적 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구의 대상은 경기도 광주군 정신보건센터의 노인 낮병원 등록된 65세 이상의 여성 노인 중 경도 알쯔하이머형 치매군 5명, 치매의심군 9명 및 비치매 대조군 14명을 대상으로 하였다. 혈관성 치매를 배제하기 위해 Hachinski 허혈지수상 4점이 넘는 경우와 우울증상의 신경인지기능 평가에 대한 영향을 배제하기 위해 단축형노인우울척도(Short form Geriatric Depression Scale ; 이하 SGDS)상 8점이 넘는 경우는 연구 대상에서 제외하였다. 진단은 노인 낮병원 퇴원시점에서 치매연구회의(노인정신과 전문의, 정신과 전문의, 전공의, 임상심리사, 사회사업사, 간호가 각 1인으로 구성)에 의해 진단과 통계편람 Ⅳ 판(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual ; 이하 DSM-Ⅳ) 및 CDR을 기준으로 내렸다. 주의력은 Wechsler 기억검사 수정판(Wechsler, 1987 ; 이하 WMS-R)의 소검사인 숫자따라하기(Digit span), 도형따라짚기(Visual span) 및 비엔나검사총집(Schufried, 1993 : 이하 Vienna test system)의 소검사인 지속적주의력(Continuous attention)을 이용하여 평가하였다. 기억력은 WMS-R의 논리적기억력(Logical memory)의 즉각회상(Immediate recall)과 30분 지연회상(delayed recall), 언어적연상학습(verbal paired associate learning)의 즉각회상-쉬운짝연상(easy pair)/어려운짝연상(hard pair), 30분 지연회상-쉬운짝연상/어려운짝연상을 이용하여 평가하였다. 시지각공간능력 중에서 시지각능력(Visual perception)은 WMS-R의 시각기억검사를 응용하여 평가하였고, 시공간능력(Visuospatial abilities)은 신경행동학적인지상태검사(Neurobehavioral Cognitive Screening Examination : 이하 NCSE)의 구성능력검사(Construction)을 이용하여 평가하였다. 언어능력은 한국판 성인용개인지능검사(Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale : 이하 K-WAIS)의 이해력검사(Comprehension) 및 한국신경인지기능연구회의 신경인지검사집상의 실어증등급척도(Aphasia severity rating scale)를 이용하여 평가하였다. 고위피질기능(Higher cortical function)은 NCSE의 유사성검사(Similarity), 판단력검사(Judgment), Go-No-Go 검사, Vienna test system의 가설형성검사(Hypotheis formation test), 부속증검사(Perseveration test)를 이용하여 평가하였다. 진단을 독립변수로 , 각종 신경인지기능검사의 결과를 종속변수로 설계하여 one-way ANOVA를 실시하였고, 유의한 차 이를 보인 종속변수에 대해서는 사후분석을 실시하였다. 경도 알쯔하이머형 치매군 5인, 치매 의심군 9인 및 비치매 대조군 14인을 대상으로 신경인지기능을 평가한 결과, 언어적연상학습의 즉각회상 중에서 쉬운짝연상(경도 치매군, 치매의심군, 대조군 각각 4.80±3.34,6.0±2.0, 8.85±2.14),구성능력검사(0.50±0.58, 1.00±1.55, 3.50±1.87), 실어증등급척도(2.83±0.40, 3.78±0.67, 4.71±0.47), 유사성검사(2.80±3.56, 2.11±1.54, 7.36±1.98)에서 치매의심군은 정상대조군에 비해 유의하게 저조한 수행을 보였고, 경도치매군과는 수행정도 상 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이는 치매의심군의 인지적 특성이 정상노화보다는 알쯔하이머형 치매에 가깝다는 것을 시사한다. 따라서 치매의심군은 정상 노화라기 보다는 알쯔하이머형 치매의 전단계일 가능성이 시사된다. The objective of this study is to differentiate the mild dementia of Alzheimer type from the questionable dementia and non-demented elderly using the neurocognitive assessment. Subjects of 28 women who were registered to Kwangju Community Mental Health Center were as follow : 14 non-demented, 9 questionable dementia, 5 mild dementia of Alzheimer type. The diagnosis were made using DSM-Ⅳ, Clinical Dementia Rating Scale. The neurocognitive functions were assessed with following test tools 1) attention : Digit span, Visual span, Continuous attention ; 2) memory : Logical memory, Verbal paired associates-easy/hard 3) visual perception and visuospatial ability : Visual recognition test, Construction ; and 4) language : Comprehension and Aphasia severity rating scale ; 5) higher cortical function : Hypothesis formation, Perseveration, Similarity, Judgment, and Go-No-Go test. Group differences were analyzed with one way ANOVA test in SPSS 8.0 for win and LSD method as post-hoc analysis. The questionable dementia group showed significant difference in Verbal paired associates-easy pair, Construction, Aphasia severity rating scale and Similarity from the non-demented normal control group but showed no difference from the mildly demented group. These results suggest that the questionable dementia is actually very early or very stage of dementia of the Alzheimer type.

Different Number of Sessions of Intense Pulsed Light and Meibomian Gland Expression Combination Therapy for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction

Seung Hyeun Lee(Seung Hyeun Lee),Minjeong Kim(Minjeong Kim),Won Jun Lee(Won Jun Lee),Yeoun Sook Chun(Yeoun Sook Chun),Kyoung Woo Kim(Kyoung Woo Kim) 대한안과학회 2022 Korean Journal of Ophthalmology Vol.36 No.6

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of the intense pulsed light (IPL) and meibomian gland (MG) expression (MGX) combination therapy according to the total numbers of sessions in the meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Methods: Ninety patients with MGD were included. Patients had maximal five sessions of IPL (Aqua Cel, Jeisys Medical) and MGX combination therapy at 2-week intervals. The ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire score, MG profile grades, tear matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tear break-up time (BUT), tear osmolarity, tear secretion, and corneal erosions were evaluated. Results: The number of patients who had a total of one to five sessions (1S to 5S) was 10, 25, 17, 20, and 18, respectively. The time-serial decrease of OSDI scores was significant in patients who had three or more sessions (3S, p = 0.002; 4S, p < 0.001; 5S, p < 0.001). The MG expressibility grade decreased with two or more sessions (2S–5S, p < 0.001), but the meibum quality significantly improved with all sessions (1S, p = 0.012; 2S, p = 0.024; 3S, p = 0.015; 4S, p < 0.001; 5S, p < 0.001). Although tear BUT increased even in patients with one session (1S, p = 0.040; 3S, p = 0.005; 4S, p = 0.006; 5S, p = 0.021), tear MMP-9, osmolarity, Schirmer I, and corneal erosions were not improved in every number of sessions. The female sex was the sole contributor to the final symptomatic improvement (p = 0.042), and the MGD stages were not related to the final OSDI decrease. Conclusions: The OSDI score, MGD grades, and BUT were improved after the IPL and MGX combination therapy in MGD patients. Unlike MGD grades and tear film instability might be improved just after a few sessions, the overall subjective relief was accomplished in three or more sessions.