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Diagnosis and treatment of patients with IgA nephropathy in Japan
( Yasuhiko Tomino ) 대한신장학회 2016 Kidney Research and Clinical Practice Vol.35 No.4
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a worldwide public health problem that affects millions of people from all racial and ethnic groups. Although CKD is not one specific disease, it is a comprehensive syndrome that includes IgA nephropathy. As reported by the Japanese Society of Nephrology, 13.0 million people have CKD. In Japan, major causes of end-stage kidney disease are type 2 diabetic nephropathy, chronic glomerulonephritis, especially IgA nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and polycystic kidney disease. IgA nephropathy is characterized by polymeric IgA1 with aberrant galactosylation (galactose-deficient IgA1) increased in the blood and deposited in the glomerular mesangial areas, as well as partially in the capillary walls. The tonsils are important as one of the responsible regions in this disease. The clarification of the mechanism of galactose-deficient IgA1 production will pave the way for the development of novel therapies. The results of future research are eagerly awaited. At present, the most important therapeutic goals in patients with IgA nephropathy are the control of hypertension, the decrease of urinary protein excretion, and the inhibition of progression to end-stage kidney disease. Several investigators have reported that renin-eangiotensin-ealdosterone system inhibitors reduce levels of urinary protein excretion and preserve renal function in patients with IgA nephropathy. In Japan, tonsillectomy and steroid pulse therapy are more effective for patients with IgA nephropathy. Copyright ⓒ 2016. The Korean Society of Nephrology. Published by Elsevier. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Prospect of plant molecular cytogenetics in the 21st century
Yasuhiko Mukai 한국생명과학회 2003 한국생명과학회 심포지움 Vol.40 No.-
The genomes of Arabidopsis and rice have been fully sequenced. Genomic sequencing provides global information about genome structure and organization. A comprehensive research account of our recent studies conducted on genome painting, comparative genomics and genome fusion is provided in order to project the prospects of plant cytogenetic research in post-genomics era. Genome analysis by GISH using genome painting is demonstrated as an excellent means suitable for visualization of a whole genome, since total genomic DNA representing the overall molecular composition of the genome is used as a probe. FISH on extended DNA fibers has been developed for high-resolution FISH and has contributed to determining the copy number and order of genes. We have also mapped a number of genes involving starch synthesis on wheat chromosomes by FISH and compared the position of these genes on linkage map of rice. Macro synteny between wheat and rice can be observed by comparing the location of these genes in spite of the fact that the size of DNA per chromosome differs by 20 fold in two. Moreover, to approach our goal towards making bread and udon noodles from rice flour in future by incorporating bread making and the noodle qualities in rice, we have been successful in introducing large genomic DNA fragments containing agronomically important genes of wheat into a rice by successive introduction of large insert BAC clones, there by expanding genetic variability in rice. We call this method genome fusion.
Beta3-Adrenoceptor Agonists: Possible Role in the Treatment of Overactive Bladder
Yasuhiko Igawa,Naoki Aizawa,Yukio Homma 대한비뇨의학회 2010 Investigative and Clinical Urology Vol.51 No.12
In the present review article, we present an overview of beta-adrenoceptor (b-AR) subtype expression at the mRNA and receptor protein levels in the human detrusor, the in vitro and in vivo bladder function of the b3-AR, the in vivo effect of b3-AR agonists on detrusor overactivity in animal models, and the available results of clinical trials of b3-AR agonists for treating overactive bladder (OAB). There is a predominant expression of b3-AR mRNA in human bladder, constituting 97% of total b-AR mRNA. Also, functionally, the relaxant response of human detrusor to catecholamines is mainly mediated through the b3-ARs. Moreover, the presence of b1-, b2-, and b3-AR mRNAs in the urothelium and suburothelial layer of human bladder has been identified. Stimulation of urothelial b-ARs results in the release of nitric oxide and an unknown substance inhibiting detrusor contractions from the urothelium. Intravenous application of CL316,243, a selective b3-AR agonist, in rats selectively inhibits mechano-sensitive Ad-fiber activity of the primary bladder afferents. A number of selective b3-AR agonists are currently being evaluated in clinical trials for OAB with promising preliminary results. In conclusion, the b3-AR agonists are the most notable alternative class of agents to antimuscarinics in the pharmacological treatment of OAB. The b3-AR agonists act to facilitate bladder storage function probably through at least two mechanisms: first, direct inhibition of the detrusor, and second, inhibition of bladder afferent neurotransduction.