Complete chloroplast genome sequences of Solanum commersonii and its application to chloroplast genotype in somatic hybrids with Solanum tuberosum

Cho, K. S.,Cheon, K. S.,Hong, S. Y.,Cho, J. H.,Im, J. S.,Mekapogu, M.,Yu, Y. S.,Park, T. H. Springer International 2016 Plant cell reports Vol. No.

<P>Chloroplast genome of Solanum commersonii and S olanum tuberosum were completely sequenced, and Indel markers were successfully applied to distinguish chlorotypes demonstrating the chloroplast genome was randomly distributed during protoplast fusion. Somatic hybridization has been widely employed for the introgression of resistance to several diseases from wild Solanum species to overcome sexual barriers in potato breeding. Solanum commersonii is a major resource used as a parent line in somatic hybridization to improve bacterial wilt resistance in interspecies transfer to cultivated potato (S. tuberosum). Here, we sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes of Lz3.2 (S. commersonii) and S. tuberosum (PT56), which were used to develop fusion products, then compared them with those of five members of the Solanaceae family, S. tuberosum, Capsicum annum, S. lycopersicum, S. bulbocastanum and S. nigrum and Coffea arabica as an out-group. We then developed Indel markers for application in chloroplast genotyping. The complete chloroplast genome of Lz3.2 is composed of 155,525 bp, which is larger than the PT56 genome with 155,296 bp. Gene content, order and orientation of the S. commersonii chloroplast genome were highly conserved with those of other Solanaceae species, and the phylogenetic tree revealed that S. commersonii is located within the same node of S. tuberosum. However, sequence alignment revealed nine Indels between S. commersonii and S. tuberosum in their chloroplast genomes, allowing two Indel markers to be developed. The markers could distinguish the two species and were successfully applied to chloroplast genotyping (chlorotype) in somatic hybrids and their progenies. The results obtained in this study confirmed the random distribution of the chloroplast genome during protoplast fusion and its maternal inheritance and can be applied to select proper plastid genotypes in potato breeding program.</P>

Bioequivalence Study of a New Fixed-dose Combination Tablet Containing S-Amlodipine Nicotinate and Olmesartan Medoxomil in Healthy Korean Male Subjects

Oh, M.J.,Hwang, H.H.,Kim, H.G.,Lee, G.H.,Cho, Y.S.,Lee, S.Y.,Kang, S.Y.,Cho, K.H.,Lee, Y.Y.,Lee, Y.J.,Jang, C.G.,Lee, S.Y. Excerpta Medica] ; Elsevier Science Ltd 2017 Clinical therapeutics Vol.39 No.7

Purpose: A fixed-dose combination (FDC) pill of amlodipine (relatively old calcium channel blocker as dihydropyridine) and olmesartan (relatively new angiotensin II receptor blocker) is used for hypertension that is not adequately controlled with a single-formulation drug. Because the FDC is a one-pill formulation, and amlodipine and olmesartan have different mechanisms of action, it is expected to improve patients' medication compliance and have an increased blood pressure-lowering efficacy. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety profile and the bioequivalence of two different FDC formulations [amlodipine besylate/olmesartan medoxomil 10/40 mg (reference product) and S-amlodipine nicotinate/olmesartan medoxomil 5/40 mg (test product)]. Methods: A randomized, open-label, single-dose, 2-treatment, 2-way, and 2-period crossover study, including a 3-week washout period, was performed in 32 healthy Korean male volunteers. To analyze the concentration of S-amlodipine or olmesartan, plasma samples were collected up to 144 hours after the dose for S-amlodipine and 48 hours after the dose for olmesartan. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including the C<SUB>max</SUB> and the area under the curve from time 0 to the last measurable concentration (AUC<SUB>0-last</SUB>) for the time versus concentration plot, were calculated. Analysis of variance for bioequivalence was conducted using C<SUB>max</SUB> and AUC<SUB>0-last</SUB> converted to log scale, and the mean ratios and 90% CIs were determined. Safety data included analysis of adverse events (AEs), vital signs, physical examinations, clinical laboratory test, and 12-lead ECGs. Findings: Of the 32 enrolled participants, 29 healthy volunteers completed the study. For both S-amlodipine and olmesartan, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were all within the acceptable range for regulatory bioequivalence. The 90% CIs for the geometric mean ratios of C<SUB>max</SUB> and AUC<SUB>0-last</SUB> were 0.8766 to 0.9760 and 0.8288 to 0.9224, respectively, for S-amlodipine and 0.9097 to 1.1229 and 0.8904 to 1.0407, respectively, for olmesartan. Hypotension was the most frequent AE, and it was observed in 4 volunteers with the test product and 7 volunteers with the reference product. Both the test and reference formulations were well tolerated. Implications: The present study demonstrates that the newly developed FDC product (test drug) and the conventional FDC product (reference drug) have comparable pharmacokinetic characteristics in healthy adult male volunteers. Both the test and reference products indicated good tolerance in this population, and no serious AEs were observed.

Production of soluble truncated spike protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus from inclusion bodies of Escherichia coli through refolding

Piao, D.C.,Lee, Y.S.,Bok, J.D.,Cho, C.S.,Hong, Z.S.,Kang, S.K.,Choi, Y.J. Academic Press 2016 Protein expression and purification Vol.126 No.-

The emergence of highly pathogenic variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) strains, from 2013 to 2014, in North American and Asian countries have greatly threatened global swine industry. Therefore, development of effective vaccines against PEDV variant strains is urgently needed. Recently, it has been reported that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of S1 domain of PEDV spike protein is responsible for binding to the 5-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), a possible sugar co-receptor. Therefore, the NTD of S1 domain could be an attractive target for the development of subunit vaccines. In this study, the NTD spanning amino acid residues 25-229 (S25-229) of S1 domain of PEDV variant strain was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs). S25-229 IBs were solubilized in 20 mM sodium acetate (pH 4.5) buffer containing 8 M urea and 1 mM dithiothreitol with 95% yield. Solubilized S25-229 IBs were refolded by 10-fold flash dilution and purified by one-step cation exchange chromatography with >95% purity and 20% yield. The CD spectrum of S25-229 showed the characteristic pattern of alpha helical structure. In an indirect ELISA, purified S25-229 showed strong reactivity with mouse anti-PEDV sera. In addition, immunization of mice with 20 μg of purified S25-229 elicited highly potent serum IgG titers. Finally, mouse antisera against S25-229 showed immune reactivity with native PEDV S protein in an immunofluorescence assay. These results suggest that purified S25-229 may have potential to be used as a subunit vaccine against PEDV variant strains.

200 GeV/핵자 유황이온과 핵건판핵의 충돌에 의해 생성된 헬륨 파쇄핵의 극한파쇄 연구

김동철,송진섭,윤천실,정성헌,박인곤,김종오,김철수,김태연,이승희,조재희,천병구,김재률,김준원,김태익,박명렬,장한일,임인택 慶尙大學校 기초과학연구소 1992 基礎科學硏究所報 Vol.8 No.-

고에너지 중이온 원자핵과 핵건판의 충돌에서, 200GeV/핵자 유황이온에 의해 생성된 파쇄 헬륨핵(Z=2)의 실험실계의 방출각 분포는 표적핵에 무관한 회귀공식. dN=exp[a+k exp(η-y_b)]d[exp(η-y_b)]로 잘 표현된다. 여기에서 의사신속도 η=-ln[tan(θ/2)]이고, y_b는 실험실계의 입사입자(^32S)의 신속도이다. 이 공식에 의한 적합에서 k=-0.057±0.008로 얻어진다. 즉, 핵건판과 고에너지 중이온의 충돌에서 파쇄 헬륨핵의 exp(η-y_b)의 분포는 "극한파쇄" 현상을 잘 설명하고 있다. The angular distribution of emission angle θ of helium (Z=2) produced in the collisions of incident particles of 200 GeV/nucleon ^32S in nuclear emulsion is well expressed by dN=exp[a+k exp(η-y_b)]d[exp(η-y_b)] where the pseudorapidity is η=-ln[tan(θ/2)], the laboratory system primary rapidity is y_b, and k=-0.057+0.008. The shape of this frequency of occurrence distributions in terms of exp(η-y_b) attests to the validity of the concept of "limiting fragmentation" for helium projectile fragments produced in the projectile fragmentation regions of heavy ion collisions in nuclear emulsion.

세관 양광주 방전에서 플라즈마 확산의 완전 해

김동준,정종문,김정현,황하청,정재윤,조윤희,임현교,구제환,최은하,조광섭,Jin, D.J.,Jeong, J.M.,Kim, J.H.,Hwang, H.C.,Chung, J.Y.,Cho, Y.H.,Lim, H.K.,Koo, J.H.,Choi, E.H.,Cho, G.S. 한국진공학회 2010 Applied Science and Convergence Technology Vol.19 No.1

관경이 수 mm인 세관 램프 내부에서 플라즈마의 확산을 조사하기 위하여 이극성(ambipolar) 확산방정식을 해하였다. 반경 방향의 확산에 의한 유리관 벽에서의 플라즈마 소멸 특성시간은 $\tau_r\;=\;(r_0/2.4)^2/D_a$로 주어진다. 반경 $r_0{\sim}1\;mm$이고 이극성 확산계수 $D_a{\sim}0.01\;m^2/s$ 이면, $\tau_r{\sim}17\;{\mu}s$이다. 이는 램프의 교류전원 구동에서 플라즈마를 유지하기 위한 구동 최소 주파수 ~30 kHz에 해당한다. 고전압이 인가되는 전극부에 발생한 고밀도의 플라즈마가 양광주로 확산되는 특성시간은 $\tau_z{\sim}0.1\;s$이다. 고밀도 플라즈마 경계에서의 시간에 대한 확산속도는 $t{\sim}10^{-6}\;s$일 때 $u_D{\sim}10^2\;m/s$이고, $t{\sim}10^{-3}\;s$이면 그 속도는 $u_D{\sim}1\;m/s$로 느려진다. 따라서 램프 길이 ~1 m에 대하여 전극부에서 생성된 고밀도 플라즈마가 양광주 전체로 확산되는 시간은 수 초가 걸린다. The ambipolar diffusion equation has been solved in a fine-tube lamp of a few mm in diameter. In the diffusion of radial direction, the plasma diffuses and vanishes away at the glass wall by recombination with the characteristic time of plasma loss is given by $\tau_r\;=\;(r_0/2.4)^2/D_a$. With the radius $r_0{\sim}1\;mm$ and the ambipolar diffusion coefficient $D_a{\sim}0.01\;m^2/s$, the vanishing time is calculated $\tau_r{\sim}10\;{\mu}s$ which corresponds to the least value of frequency 30 kHz for the sustaining the plasma in the operation of high voltage AC-power. In the diffusion of longitudinal z-direction, a high density plasma generated at the area of a high voltage electrode, diffuses into the positive column with the characteristic time $\tau_z{\sim}0.1\;s$. The plasma diffusion velocity at the boundary of high density plasma is $u_D{\sim}10^2\;m/s$ at the time $t{\sim}10^{-6}$ s and the diffusion velocity becomes slow as $u_D{\sim}1\;m/s$ at $t{\sim}10^{-3}\;s$. Therefore, for the long lamp of 1 m, it takes about several seconds for the high density plasma at the area of electrode to diffuse through the whole positive column space.

3원적 사유구조- 원효 『기신론』 주석과 이익의 『사칠신편』을 중심으로

이규완 동아시아불교문화학회 2019 동아시아불교문화 Vol.0 No.37

The ternary territory where the contradictions and conflicts of dualism converge is also the topos of both that the dualistic bifurcation is mediated and that the pluralistic proliferation is triggered. I probe in this paper into the ternary system of thoughts that sets aside the third mediate place of 'both A and B' in the mutually exclusive dualistic ontology, especially focusing on the Treatise on the Mahāyāna Faith and the New Treatise on the Four-Seven Debates. TMF and Commentaries by Wonhyo highlight the role of the Attribute Category among the Three Great Categories, allocating the special territory in the Arising-Ceasing Aspect which upholds the characteristics of the Suchness and the Arising-Ceasing Aspects at the same time. Here the Suchness and Arising-Ceasing Aspects, ti (體) and yong (用), and tathāgatagarbha and ālayavijñāna, are integrated in the realm of the ternary. Likewise, TFSD also sets aside a ternary territory in the realm of chi (氣) Arising, in which Toegye's theory of li (理) Arising and Yulgok's theory of chi Arising are combined. Sungho developed the idea of the third Pure Emotion in the chi realm following Yulgok but distinguishes it from the Pure Four Beginnings following Toegye's thesis. The Pure Emotion and the Human Mind Corresponding to Tao Mind guaranteed in the realm of the chi Arising stand itself as a ternary territory where the dual layers are overlapped. Wonhyo and Sungho share the same non-sectarian, taking merits even from opposite schools, attitudes towards their ancestral schools such as Yogācāra and Tathāgatagarbha (Wonhyo) and Toegye and Yulgok (Sungho) for instance. Wonhyo acknowledges that the Original Enlightenment cannot be distinguished from the Suchness Itself while it belongs to the realm of the Arising-Ceasing Aspects. The Human Mind following Tao Mind and the Pure Mind of Sungho are equalled to the Four Beginnings and the Tao Mind in essence even though they are affected by the chi of shape. This ternary territory resolves the stark confrontation of the extreme bipolarity but consequently embraces the contradiction in the form of contraction, creating more complicated and sophisticated debates on the focused subjects and notions. This paper traces the steps of this intellectual journey that Wonhyo and Sungho pursued in the Commentary of TMF and TFSD respectively. 이원적 대립과 모순의 극복을 위해 매개하는 제3의 영역은 양극이 매개하고 화해하는 접점인 동시에 다원적 분화가 촉발되는 분기점이다. 이 논문에서는 이원적 대립의 해소를 모색하였던 동아시아불교와 조선성리학의 지적성찰에서, 특히 서로를 배제하는(mutually exclusive) 양 극단을 배제하고 양자를 포괄하는(both A and B) 제3의 중간지대를 설정하는 3원론적 사유방식의 전개과정을 탐구한다. 『기신론』과 원효의 주석에서 일심(一心)의 일원적체계는 진여-생멸로 전개하고, 그것은 다시 체상용의 삼대(三大)를 통해 양극의 중첩지점이 설정된다. 본각의 진여상에서는 진여와 생멸, 체(體)와 상(相)이 중첩되면서, 여래장과 알라야식성이 중층적인 원융을 이룬다. 조선성리학의 사칠논쟁에서 성호의 『사칠신편』은 발생적 측면에서 리기이원적 체계(퇴계)와 기일원적체계(율곡)를 제3영역의 확보를 통해 통합하고자 한다. 성호는 순수하게 리발(理發)에 의해 발생하는 형이상의 사단을 인정하는 동시에, 기(氣)의 발현에 의한 ‘청명순수한 감정,’ ‘도심을 따르는 인심’이라는 특수한 영역을 인정하여, 칠정에 사단을 포함시키는 율곡학파의 입장을 절충한다. 원효와 성호는 공통적으로 종파적 입장에 경도되지 않고, 대립하는 주장들의 장점을 취하고 상대의 입각점을 통해 문제점을 보강하는 방식을 취한다. 『기신론』에서 본각(本覺)이나 ‘자체의 상(相)’은 진여 자체(體)와 동일시할 수는 없지만, 그것과 구분되거나 분리되지 않는다. 기발(氣發)의 ‘청명한 감정’과 ‘도심을 따르는 인심’은 결코 도심(道心)과 동일시될 수는 없지만, 내용적으로는 차이가 없다. 이같은 개념적 장치들은 양극의 모순을 집약하고 제3의 영역으로 분화하지만, 이 제3의 영역에서 모순은 더욱 정교한 미분의 형태로 드러난다. 따라서 모순적 대립개념을 화해시키려는 노력은 정밀하고 복잡한 지적탐색에도 불구하고, 또 다른 모순으로 떨어지거나, 실패한 해명의 봉합으로 마무리되기 쉽다. 이 논문에서는 이원적 분열을 극복하고 제3의 접점을 모색하는 원효와 성호의 지적탐색의 경로를 추적해 본다.

Clinical Trial of Barnidipine HCI in Patients with Renal Parenchymal Hypertension

Cho, Y. S 大韓臨床藥理學會 1996 臨床藥理學會誌 Vol.4 No.1

<i>CYP2A6</i> and <i>ERCC1</i> polymorphisms correlate with efficacy of S-1 plus cisplatin in metastatic gastric cancer patients

Park, S R,Kong, S-Y,Nam, B-H,Choi, I J,Kim, C G,Lee, J Y,Cho, S J,Kim, Y W,Ryu, K W,Lee, J H,Rhee, J,Park, Y-I,Kim, N K Nature Publishing Group 2011 The British journal of cancer Vol.104 No.7

<P><B>Background:</B></P><P>We evaluated the association between polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 2A6 (<I>CYP2A6</I>)/excision repair cross-complementation group 1 (<I>ERCC1</I>)/X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1(<I>XRCC1</I>) and treatment outcomes of metastatic gastric cancer (MGC) patients treated with S-1/cisplatin.</P><P><B>Methods:</B></P><P>Among MGC patients (<I>n</I>=108), who received S-1 (40 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP> b.i.d., days 1–14) and cisplatin (60 mg m<SUP>−2</SUP>, day 1) every 3 weeks, we analysed the wild-type allele (<I>W</I>) and variants (<I>V</I>) of <I>CYP2A6</I> (<I>*4</I>, <I>*7, *9, *10</I>), and the polymorphisms of <I>ERCC1</I> (rs11615, rs3212986) and <I>XRCC1</I> (rs25487).</P><P><B>Results:</B></P><P>Patients having fewer <I>CYP2A6</I> variants had better response rates (<I>W</I>/<I>W vs W</I>/<I>V</I> other than <I>*1/*4 vs V</I>/<I>V</I> or <I>*1/*4</I>=66.7 <I>vs</I> 58.3 <I>vs</I> 32.3% <I>P</I>=0.008), time to progression (TTP) (7.2 <I>vs</I> 6.1 <I>vs</I> 3.5 months, <I>P</I>=0.021), and overall survival (23.2 <I>vs</I> 15.4 <I>vs</I> 12.0 months, <I>P</I>=0.004). <I>ERCC1 19442C</I>><I>A</I> (rs3212986) was also associated with response rate (<I>C/C</I>, 46.7% <I>vs C/A</I>, 55.3% <I>vs A/A</I>, 87.5%) (<I>P</I>=0.048) and TTP (4.4 <I>vs</I> 7.6 <I>vs</I> 7.9 months) (<I>P</I>=0.012). Patients carrying both risk genotypes of <I>CYP2A6</I> (<I>V</I>/<I>V</I> or <I>1/*4</I>) and <I>ERCC1 19442C</I>><I>A</I> (<I>C/C</I>) <I>vs</I> those carrying none showed an adjusted odds ratio of 0.113 (<I>P</I>=0.004) for response, and adjusted hazard ratios of 3.748 (<I>P</I>=0.0001) for TTP and 2.961 (<I>P</I>=0.006) for death.</P><P><B>Conclusion:</B></P><P>Polymorphisms of <I>CYP2A6</I> and <I>ERCC1 19442C</I>><I>A</I> correlated with the efficacy of S-1/cisplatin.</P>

Comment on 'Enhancement in hardness and transmittance of ZnS via SiO₂/Y₂O₃ multilayer'

Chung, Y.D.,Cho, D.H.,Kim, S.B.,Han, W.S. Elsevier Sequoia 2016 Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol.664 No.-

In a recent paper [1], Huayu Zhang et al. reported data on the enhancement in hardness and transmittance of ZnS via SiO<SUB>2</SUB>/Y<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> multilayer. In particular, the authors discussed the chemical state of sputtered Y<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> on SiO<SUB>2</SUB>/ZnS measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. We suggested that the split spectrum of Y 3d doublet should be decomposed into the sum of the doublet and the exact notation of O 1s level should be applied. The O 1s of 528.8 eV could also be assigned to Y<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> and the O 1s of 531.5 eV could be assigned to Si related compound.

여대생의 트라우마와 자존감, 가족지지 및 갈등, 우울의 상관관계 연구

경유래,김영서,김주영,박은서,윤예은,이수진,조성온,주서희,황선영,Tsang Lok Yi,김석선,길민지 이화여자대학교 간호과학대학 2019 이화간호학회지 Vol.- No.53

Purpose: Precedent studies about the relationship between trauma and other variables was focused on children and middle aged women. This study however, aims to study the female college student population who are exposed to depression and low self-esteem from traumatic events of childhood and adolescence Methods: Using a descriptive correlation study design, 205 female college students attending female colleges were recruited. The instruments Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale by Jacoz&Perry(1997), Self-esteem Scale by Rosenberg(1979), Family Support &Conflict Scale by Kim, and Depression Scale by Radloff(1977) were used. The questionnaires were distributed with Google Survey online. The data w re analyzed by average, standard deviation, percentage, and t-test using the SPSS/WIN 21.0 program. Results: The degree of trauma and self-esteem, family support and conflict showed negative correlation, and the degree of trauma and depression showed positive correlation. In other words, female college students with higher trauma tend to have lower self-esteem, more cognizance of family conflict, less feeling of family support, and more depression. Conclusion: This study is different in that it analyzes correlation between the degree of trauma and other variables, not the absence or frequency of trauma. This study is also meaningful as it consider the psychological changes from traumatic experience and provides the basic data for the prevention and therapeutic intervention in clinical field.