Inclusion of Ensiled Cassava KM94 Leaves in Diets for Growing Pigs in Vietnam Reduces Growth Rate but Increases Profitability

Ly, Nguyen T.H.,Ngoan, Le D.,Verstegen, Martin W.A.,Hendriks, Wouter H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.8

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the inclusion of different levels of ensiled cassava leaves (variety KM94) in the diets on performance and carcass characteristics of growing pigs in Vietnam. A total of 40 crossbreds pigs (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai, 20 males and 20 females) with an initial live weight of 23.5 kg (SD = 0.86) were randomly allocated to one of the four pens across 5 units. Four experimental diets were formulated for two growth periods, period 1 (60 days) for 20 to 50 kg and period 2 lasted 30 days, from 50 kg until slaughter. Four diets were formulated containing inclusion levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves diet of 0, 10, 15 and 20% in the DM. Diets were formulated based on previously determined ileal amino acid digestibility values of the KM94 products and were isonitrogenous and isocaloric on a metabolizable energy basis. Each pen of pigs was randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments. Dry matter intake and final weight tended to decreased with increasing levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves in the diet while there was a significant (p = 0.022) decrease in average daily gain. Protein depositions of the F1 pigs tended (p = 0.093) to decrease with increasing inclusion levels of ensiled cassava KM94 leaves. There was no significant difference in feed conversion ratio, carcass quality and fat gain between the groups of pigs. There were clear differences in feed costs among the experimental diets (p = 0.001) with increasing levels of ensiled cassava KM 94 leaves in the diet reducing feed costs. It was concluded that, in diets for growing pig, inclusion of ensiled cassava leaves reduces growth rate of pigs in Vietnam but increases profitability as measured by feed costs.

Ensiled and Dry Cassava Leaves, and Sweet Potato Vines as a Protein Source in Diets for Growing Vietnamese Large White×Mong Cai Pigs

Ly, Nguyen T.H.,Ngoan, Le.D.,Verstegen, Martin W.A.,Hendriks, Wouter H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.9

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of replacing 70% of the protein from fish meal by protein from ensiled or dry cassava leaves and sweet potato vines on the performance and carcass characters of growing F1 (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) pigs in Central Vietnam. Twenty-five crossbred pigs (Large White${\times}$Mong Cai) with an initial weight of 19.7 kg (SD = 0.84) were allocated randomly to five treatment groups with 5 animals per group (3 males and 2 females). Pigs were kept individually in pens ($2.0{\times}0.8\;m$) and fed one of five diets over 90 days. The control diet was formulated with fish meal (FM) as the protein source while the other four diets were formulated by replacing 70% of fish meal protein by protein from ensiled cassava leaves (ECL), dry cassava leaves (DCL), dry sweet potato vines (DSPV) or ensiled sweet potato vines (ESPV). Animals were fed their diets at 4% of BW. Results showed that final BW, ADG, DMI and feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the experimental treatments were not significantly different (p>0.05). ECL or DCL and ESPV reduced feed cost per unit gain by 8-17.5% compared to the fish meal diet. There were no significant differences in carcass characters among the diets (p>0.05). Lean meat percentages and protein deposition ranged 41.5-45.8% and 40.2-52.9 g/d, respectively. Using ensiled or dry cassava leaves and sweet potato vine can replace at least 70% of the protein from fish meal (or 35% of total diet CP) without significant effects on performance and carcass traits of growing (20-65 kg) pigs. Including cassava leaves and sweet potato vines could improve feed cost and therefore has economic benefits.

Corn stover usage and farm profit for sustainable dairy farming in China

He, Yuan,Cone, John W.,Hendriks, Wouter H.,Dijkstra, Jan Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.1

Objective: This study determined the optimal ratio of whole plant corn silage (WPCS) to corn stover (stems+leaves) silage (CSS) (WPCS:CSS) to reach the greatest profit of dairy farmers and evaluated its consequences with corn available for other purposes, enteric methane production and milk nitrogen efficiency (MNE) at varying milk production levels. Methods: An optimization model was developed. Chemical composition, rumen undegradable protein and metabolizable energy (ME) of WPCS and CSS from 4 cultivars were determined to provide data for the model. Results: At production levels of 0, 10, 20, and 30 kg milk/cow/d, the WPCS:CSS to maximize the profit of dairy farmers was 16:84, 22:78, 44:56, and 88:12, respectively, and the land area needed to grow corn plants was 4.5, 31.4, 33.4, and 30.3 ha, respectively. The amount of corn available (ton DM/ha/yr) for other purposes saved from this land area decreased with higher producing cows. However, compared with high producing cows (30 kg/d milk), more low producing cows (10 kg/d milk) and more land area to grow corn and soybeans was needed to produce the same total amount of milk. Extra land is available to grow corn for a higher milk production, leading to more corn available for other purposes. Increasing ME content of CSS decreased the land area needed, increased the profit of dairy farms and provided more corn available for other purposes. At the optimal WPCS:CSS, MNE and enteric methane production was greater, but methane production per kg milk was lower, for high producing cows. Conclusion: The WPCS:CSS to maximize the profit for dairy farms increases with decreased milk production levels. At a fixed total amount of milk being produced, high producing cows increase corn available for other purposes. At the optimal WPCS:CSS, methane emission intensity is smaller and MNE is greater for high producing cows.

The In Vivo Antioxidant Action and the Reduction of Oxidative Stress by Boysenberry Extract Is Dependent on Base Diet Constituents in Rats

Tony K. McGhie,Laura E. Barnett,Anne M. Broomfield,Wouter H. Hendriks,Martin B. Hunt 한국식품영양과학회 2007 Journal of medicinal food Vol.10 No.2

Dietary antioxidants are often defined by in vitro measures of antioxidant activity. Such measures are valid in-dicators of the antioxidant potential, but provide little evidence of activity as a dietary antioxidant. This study was undertakento assess the in vivoantioxidant efficacy of a berry fruit extract by measuring biomarkers of oxidative damage to protein (car-bonyls), lipids (malondialdehyde), and DNA (8-oxo-2.-deoxyguanosine urinary excretion) and plasma antioxidant status (an-tioxidant capacity, vitamin E) in rats when fed basal diets containing fish and soybean oils, which are likely to generate dif-ferent levels of oxidative stress. Boysenberry (Rubus loganbaccus. baileyanus Britt) extract was used as the dietaryantioxidant. The basal diets (chow, synthetic/soybean oil, or synthetic/fish oil) had significant effects on the biomarkers ofoxidative damage and antioxidant status, with rats fed the synthetic/fish oil diet having the lowest levels of oxidative damageand the highest antioxidant status. When boysenberry extract was added to the diet, there was little change in 8-oxo-2.-de-oxyguanosine excretion in urine, oxidative damage to proteins decreased, and plasma malondialdehyde either increased or de-creased depending on the basal diet. This study showed that boysenberry extract functioned as an in vivo antioxidant andraised the antioxidant status of plasma while decreasing some biomarkers of oxidative damage, but the effect was highly mod-ified by basal diet. Our results are further evidence of complex interactions among dietary antioxidants, background nutri-tional status as determined by diet, and the biochemical nature of the compartments in which antioxidants function.

Transcription Factor NF-kB as a Potential Biomarker of Oxidative Stress to Evaluate Antioxidant Effects

Robin van den Berg,Aafje Sierksma,Henk F.J. Hendriks,Wouter H.J. Vaes 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회 2003 한국환경성돌연변이·발암원학회지 Vol.23 No.2