Insilico Analysis for Expressed Sequence Tags from Embryogenic Callus and Flower Buds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Subramaniyam Sathiyamoorthy,Jun-Gyo In,Byum-Soo Lee,Woo-Seang Kwon,Dong-Uk Yang,Ju-Han Kim,Deok-Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1

Panax ginseng root has been used as a major source of ginsenoside throughout the history of oriental medicine. In recent years, scientists have found that all of its biomass, including embryogenic calli and fl ower buds can contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. In this study, transcriptome analyses were used to identify different gene expressions from embryogenic calli and fl ower buds. In total, 6,226 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained from cDNA libraries of P. ginseng. Insilico analysis was conducted to annotate the putative sequences using gene ontology functional analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthology biochemical analysis, and interproscan protein functional domain analysis. From the obtained results, genes responsible for growth, pathogenicity, pigments, ginsenoside pathway, and development were discussed. Almost 83.3% of the EST sequence was annotated using one-dimensional insilico analysis.

Defense Genes Induced by Pathogens and Abiotic Stresses in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer

Lee, Ok-Ran,Sathiyaraj, Gayathri,Kim, Yu-Jin,In, Jun-Gyo,Kwon, Woo-Seang,Kim, Ju-Han,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1

Korean ginseng is a medicinally important perennial herb from the family Araliaceae. It has been cultivated for its highly valued medicinal properties for over 1,000 years in east Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan. Due to its longtime cultivation in shady areas, ginseng is frequently exposed to pathogenic infections. Plants protect themselves from microbial pathogens using an array of defense mechanisms, some of which are constitutively active, while others are activated upon pathogen invasion. These induced defense responses, controlled by defense-related genes, require tradeoffs in terms of plant fitness. We hypothesize that ginseng, as with other plants, possesses regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the activation of attacker-specific defenses in order to minimize fitness costs while attaining optimal resistance. Several classes of defense-related genes are induced by infection, wounds, irradiation, and other abiotic stresses. Both salicylates and jasmonates have been shown to cause such responses, although their specific roles and interactions in signaling and development are not fully understood in ginseng. This review summarizes possible defense-related genes in ginseng based on their expression patterns against biotic and abiotic stresses and describes their functional roles.

Insilico Analysis for Expressed Sequence Tags from Embryogenic Callus and Flower Buds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Sathiyamoorthy, Subramaniyam,In, Jun-Gyo,Lee, Byum-Soo,Kwon, Woo-Seang,Yang, Dong-Uk,Kim, Ju-Han,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1

Panax ginseng root has been used as a major source of ginsenoside throughout the history of oriental medicine. In recent years, scientists have found that all of its biomass, including embryogenic calli and flower buds can contain similar active ingredients with pharmacological functions. In this study, transcriptome analyses were used to identify different gene expressions from embryogenic calli and fl ower buds. In total, 6,226 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained from cDNA libraries of P. ginseng. Insilico analysis was conducted to annotate the putative sequences using gene ontology functional analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes orthology biochemical analysis, and interproscan protein functional domain analysis. From the obtained results, genes responsible for growth, pathogenicity, pigments, ginsenoside pathway, and development were discussed. Almost 83.3% of the EST sequence was annotated using one-dimensional insilico analysis.

Defense Genes Induced by Pathogens and Abiotic Stresses in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer

Ok Ran Lee,Gayathri Sathiyaraj,Yu-Jin Kim,Jun-Gyo In,Woo-Seang Kwon,Ju-Han Kim,Deok-Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2011 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.35 No.1

Korean ginseng is a medicinally important perennial herb from the family Araliaceae. It has been cultivated for its highly valued medicinal properties for over 1,000 years in east Asian countries such as China, Korea, and Japan. Due to its longtime cultivation in shady areas, ginseng is frequently exposed to pathogenic infections. Plants protect themselves from microbial pathogens using an array of defense mechanisms, some of which are constitutively active, while others are activated upon pathogen invasion. These induced defense responses, controlled by defense-related genes, require tradeoffs in terms of plant fi tness. We hypothesize that ginseng, as with other plants, possesses regulatory mechanisms that coordinate the activation of attacker-specifi c defenses in order to minimize fi tness costs while attaining optimal resistance. Several classes of defense-related genes are induced by infection, wounds, irradiation, and other abiotic stresses. Both salicylates and jasmonates have been shown to cause such responses, although their specifi c roles and interactions in signaling and development are not fully understood in ginseng. This review summarizes possible defense-related genes in ginseng based on their expression patterns against biotic and abiotic stresses and describes their functional roles.

Plant Regeneration from Anther Culture of Panax ginseng

Lee, Hee-Young,Khorolragchaa, Altanzul,Sun, Myung-Suk,Kim, Young-Joon,Kim, Yu-Jin,Kwon, Woo-Seang,Yang, Deok-Chun The Plant Resources Society of Korea 2013 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.26 No.3

The research concerned of the regeneration of plants from embryos obtained from anther cultures of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). The aim was to determine the influence of the regeneration medium on the efficiency of the regeneration process. We conducted to determine the optimum conditions such as cold pretreatment, plant growth regulators and carbon sources on anther culture of P. ginseng. Highest callus formation rate was obtained when flower buds pretreated at $4^{\circ}C$ for 1 day. Among the treated growth regulators with various degrees of concentration in Murashige and Skoog's (MS) medium, 4.53 ${\mu}M$ of 2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4.44 ${\mu}M$ of 6-benzylaminopurine gives the most responsive callus with the frequency of 73.89% and 129.53 g of fresh weight. When we used 3-9% of sucrose and maltose among the different kinds and various concentrations of carbohydrates, callus was formed highest 67.29% in the medium with 3% of sucrose. Shoots induced from callus supplemented with 28.9 ${\mu}M$ of gibberellic acid and rooted in Gamborg's B5 medium supplemented with 14.7 ${\mu}M$ of indole-3-butyric acid.

Molecular Identification of Korean Mountain Ginseng Using an Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)

Jun-Gyo In,Min-Kyeoung Kim,Ok Ran Lee,Yu-Jin Kim,Beom-Soo Lee,Se-Young Kim,Woo-Seang Kwon,Deok-Chun Yang 고려인삼학회 2010 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.34 No.1

Expensive herbs such as ginseng are always a possible target for fraudulent labeling. New mountain ginseng strains have occasionally been found deep within mountain areas and commercially traded at exorbitant prices. However, until now, no scientific basis has existed to distinguish such ginseng from commonly cultivated ginseng species other than by virtue of being found within deep mountain areas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer has been shown to be an appropriate method for the identification of the most popular species (Panax ginseng) in the Panax ginseng genus. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified between three newly found mountain ginseng (KGD4, KGD5, and KW1) and already established Panax species. Specific PCR primers were designed from this SNP site within the sequence data and used to detect the mountain ginseng strains via multiplex PCR. The established multiplex-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of newly found mountain ginseng strains, Korean ginseng, and foreign ginseng in a single reaction was determined to be effective. This study is the first report of scientific discrimination of “mountain ginsengs” and describes an effective method of identification for fraud prevention and for uncovering the possible presence of other, cheaper ginseng species on the market.

Molecular Identification of Korean Mountain Ginseng Using an Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS)

In, Jun-Gyo,Kim, Min-Kyeoung,Lee, Ok-Ran,Kim, Yu-Jin,Lee, Beom-Soo,Kim, Se-Young,Kwon, Woo-Seang,Yang, Deok-Chun The Korean Society of Ginseng 2010 Journal of Ginseng Research Vol.34 No.1

Expensive herbs such as ginseng are always a possible target for fraudulent labeling. New mountain ginseng strains have occasionally been found deep within mountain areas and commercially traded at exorbitant prices. However, until now, no scientific basis has existed to distinguish such ginseng from commonly cultivated ginseng species other than by virtue of being found within deep mountain areas. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of the internal transcribed spacer has been shown to be an appropriate method for the identification of the most popular species (Panax ginseng) in the Panax ginseng genus. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) has been identified between three newly found mountain ginseng (KGD4, KGD5, and KW1) and already established Panax species. Specific PCR primers were designed from this SNP site within the sequence data and used to detect the mountain ginseng strains via multiplex PCR. The established multiplex-PCR method for the simultaneous detection of newly found mountain ginseng strains, Korean ginseng, and foreign ginseng in a single reaction was determined to be effective. This study is the first report of scientific discrimination of "mountain ginsengs" and describes an effective method of identification for fraud prevention and for uncovering the possible presence of other, cheaper ginseng species on the market.