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The Sino-Viet Borderlands in the Premodern Age
John Whitmore 고려대학교 민족문화연구원 2017 Cross-Currents Vol.- No.23
As the world is currently concerned with the government of China and its growing power along its southern frontier, it is useful to consider past events that reflect the pattern of interactions between this northern power and the states lying along this frontier. East Asian historians Kathlene Baldanza and Bradley Camp Davis provide excellent, detailed studies of Vietnam and Beijing as they worked to resolve issues in the territory separating them. Although in the early modern age, the scholar-officials of both lands shared a Confucian ideology and practice, the asymmetric relationship between the two lands (Womack 2006) engendered very different perspectives on each side of the frontier. Baldanza and Davis offer valuable views on these relationships: the former focusing on the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) in China; the latter on the late Qing (1850–1911). Each of the authors also gives us a view of the Vietnamese dynasties of those ages: the Tran (1225–1400), the Le (1428–1527, 1592–1788), the Mac (1528–1592) of Dai Viet, and the Nguyen (1802–1945) of Vietnam. The two authors bring us into their scenes through engagement with a variety of primary sources. Baldanza does a masterful job with contemporary Vietnamese and Chinese documents (both in Chinese characters), mining the interactions between the two. Davis, in a more recent setting, does a fine job bringing local oral traditions together with official imperial documents of both Hue and Beijing, as well as official and nonofficial French documentation. Both books offer a rich mixture of analysis of the contemporary textual record, written and oral, as well as critiques of recent studies from Vietnam, China, and elsewhere...
A WFC3 study of globular clusters in NGC 4150: an early‐type minor merger
Kaviraj, Sugata,Crockett, R. Mark,Whitmore, Bradley C.,Silk, Joseph,O’Connell, Robert W.,Windhorst, Rogier A.,Mutchler, Max,Rejkuba, Marina,Yi, Sukyoung,Frogel, Jay A.,Calzetti, Daniela Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2012 Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. Vol.422 No.1
<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>We combine near‐ultraviolet (NUV; 2250 Å) and optical (<I>U</I>, <I>B</I>, <I>V</I>, <I>I</I>) imaging from the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3), on‐board the <I>Hubble Space Telescope</I> (<I>HST</I>), to study the globular cluster (GC) population in NGC 4150, a sub‐L* (<I>M</I><SUB><I>B</I></SUB>∼−18.48 mag) early‐type minor‐merger remnant in the Coma I cloud. We use broad‐band NUV–optical photometry from the WFC3 to estimate individual ages, metallicities, masses and line‐of‐sight extinctions [<I>E</I>(<I>B</I>−<I>V</I>)] for 63 bright (<I>M</I><SUB><I>V</I></SUB> < −5 mag) GCs in this galaxy. In addition to a small GC population with ages greater than 10 Gyr, we find a dominant population of clusters with ages centred around 6 Gyr, consistent with the expected peak of stellar mass assembly in faint early types residing in low‐density environments. The old and intermediate‐age GCs in NGC 4150 are metal poor, with metallicities less than 0.1 Z<SUB>⊙</SUB>, and reside in regions of low extinction [<I>E</I>(<I>B</I>−<I>V</I>) < 0.05 mag]. We also find a population of young, metal‐rich (<I>Z</I> > 0.3 Z<SUB>⊙</SUB>) clusters that have formed within the last Gyr and reside in relatively dusty [<I>E</I>(<I>B</I>−<I>V</I>) > 0.3 mag] regions that are coincident with the part of the galaxy core that hosts significant recent star formation. Cluster disruption models (in which ∼80–90 per cent of objects younger than a few ×10<SUP>8</SUP> yr dissolve every dex in time) suggest that the bulk of these young clusters are a transient population.</P>
Krumholz, Mark R.,Adamo, Angela,Fumagalli, Michele,Wofford, Aida,Calzetti, Daniela,Lee, Janice C.,Whitmore, Bradley C.,Bright, Stacey N.,Grasha, Kathryn,Gouliermis, Dimitrios A.,Kim, Hwihyun,Nair, Pre IOP Publishing 2015 The Astrophysical journal Vol.812 No.2
<P>We investigate a novel Bayesian analysis method, based on the Stochastically Lighting Up Galaxies (slug) code, to derive the masses, ages, and extinctions of star clusters from integrated light photometry. Unlike many analysis methods, slug correctly accounts for incomplete initial mass function (IMF) sampling, and returns full posterior probability distributions rather than simply probability maxima. We apply our technique to 621 visually confirmed clusters in two nearby galaxies, NGC 628 and NGC 7793, that are part of the Legacy Extragalactic UV Survey (LEGUS). LEGUS provides Hubble Space Telescope photometry in the NUV, U, B, V, and I bands. We analyze the sensitivity of the derived cluster properties to choices of prior probability distribution, evolutionary tracks, IMF, metallicity, treatment of nebular emission, and extinction curve. We find that slug's results for individual clusters are insensitive to most of these choices, but that the posterior probability distributions we derive are often quite broad, and sometimes multi-peaked and quite sensitive to the choice of priors. In contrast, the properties of the cluster population as a whole are relatively robust against all of these choices. We also compare our results from slug to those derived with a conventional non-stochastic fitting code, Yggdrasil. We show that slug's stochastic models are generally a better fit to the observations than the deterministic ones used by Yggdrasil. However, the overall properties of the cluster populations recovered by both codes are qualitatively similar.</P>