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Chen, Nai-Zhi,Zhang, Xiu-Qing,Wei, Peng-Cheng,Chen, Qi-Jun,Ren, Fei,Chen, Jia,Wang, Xue-Chen Korean Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biol 2007 Journal of biochemistry and molecular biology Vol.40 No.6
The HAP complex has been found in many eukaryotic organisms. HAP recognizes the CCAAT box present in the promoters of 30% of all eukaryotic genes. The HAP complex consists of three subunits - HAP2, HAP3 and HAP5. In this paper, we report the biological function of the AtHAP3b gene that encodes one of the HAP3 subunits in Arabidopsis. Compared with wild-type plants, hap3b-1 and hap3b-2 mutants exhibited a delayed flowering time under long-day photoperiod conditions. Moreover, the transcription levels of FT were substantially lower in the mutants than in the wild-type plants. These results imply that AtHAP3b may function in the control of flowering time by regulating the expression of FT in Arabidopsis. In a subsequent study, AtHAP3b was found to be induced by osmotic stress. Under osmotic stress conditions, the hap3b- 1 and hap3b-2 mutants flowered considerably later than the wild-type plants. These results suggest that the AtHAP3b gene plays more important roles in the control of flowering under osmotic stress in Arabidopsis.
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Nai-Yun Chang,Zeng-Weng Chen,Ter-Hsin Chen,Jiunn-Wang Liao,Cheng-Chung Lin,Maw-Sheng Chien,Wei-Cheng Lee,Jiunn-Horng Lin,Shih-Ling Hsuan 대한수의학회 2014 Journal of Veterinary Science Vol.15 No.1
Exotoxins produced by Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae(Apx) play major roles in the pathogenesis of pleuropneumoniain swine. This study investigated the role of ApxI in hemolysisand cellular damage using a novel apxIA mutant, ApxIA336,which was developed from the parental strain A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10 that produces only ApxI in vitro. The genotype of ApxIA336 was confirmed by PCR, Southernblotting, and gene sequencing. Exotoxin preparation derivedfrom ApxIA336 was analyzed for its bioactivity towardsporcine erythrocytes and alveolar macrophages. Analysisresults indicated that ApxIA336 contained a kanamycinresistantcassette inserted immediately after 1005 bp of theapxIA gene. Phenotype analysis of ApxIA336 revealed nodifference in the growth rate as compared to the parentalstrain. Meanwhile, ApxI production was abolished in thebacterial culture supernatant, i.e. exotoxin preparation. Theinability of ApxIA336 to produce ApxI corresponded to the lossof hemolytic and cytotoxic bioactivity in exotoxin preparation,as demonstrated by hemolysis, lactate dehydrogenase release,mitochondrial activity, and apoptosis assays. Additionally, thevirulence of ApxIA336 appeared to be attenuated by 15-fold inBALB/c mice. Collectively, ApxI, but not other components inthe exotoxin preparation of A. pleuropneumoniae serotype 10,was responsible for the hemolytic and cytotoxic effects onporcine erythrocytes and alveolar macrophages.
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LAUNCH TACTICS AND PRODUCT CANNIBALIZATION IN HIGH TECHNOLOGY MARKETS
Chien-Wei Chen,Nai-Hwa Lien 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7
Product launch is perhaps the most important but risky phase in new product development process (Calantone & Montoya-Weiss, 1993). Product management at the launch phase aims to gain market acceptance, which, in turn, may maximize the chances of profitability (Guiltinan, 1999). One of the hidden, but real, threats for the vast majority of new product launches into a market is cannibalization, which refers to the process by which a new product gains a portion of its sales by diverting sales from an existing product (Harvey & Kerin, 1979;Lomax, Hammond, East, and Clemente, 1997; Traylor, 1986). High-technology markets are characterized by uncertainties that derive from market, technology, and competitive factors (Moriarty & Kosnik, 1989). Different information processing patterns among buyers are likely to emerge in high-technology markets (Capon and Glazer, 1987; Glazer, 1991). Accordingly, marketing strategies and tools are required to adapt to market environments. In response to environmental complexity and turbulence, marketers of high-tech products usually resort to marketing communications to assuage customers’ fear and doubt involved in product adoption (Lee and O’Connor, 2003). Such high-tech marketing practices, in a sense, illuminate signaling theory logic to mitigate uncertainty (Gulati and Higgins, 2003). Drawing on signaling theory, this research is to explore the circumstances under which launch tactics may result in salient product cannibalization. It is proposed that the cannibalization of product launch varies with the interactions between launch tactics and organizational/market factors. The findings of this research indicate that the cannibalization effect of price similarity will be greater for a launching firm possessing great product category strength. The cannibalization effects of preannouncing timing and price similarity tend to be greater in a highly competitive market context, as opposed to a low competitive context. Nevertheless, relative communication effort in support of product launch results in smaller cannibalization under a highly competitive condition. Product cannibalization derived by earlier preannouncements will become greater in a highly technologically turbulent market. This research contributes to the marketing and product management literature in two main respects. First, it represents an initial effort to empirically test the link between tactics in support of product launch and product cannibalization under different firm and market conditions. Second, we advance understanding of the cannibalization effects incurred by launch tactics by adopting a signaling approach. The fit between marketing strategy and its context has significant implications for new product performance, which should be captured in terms of the potential cannibalization between a new product and other products within the same firm, in addition to its sales and profitability. The findings may also offer guidelines for managing launch tactics. To make right decisions on developing appropriate tactics, the firms must accurately evaluate the firm and market characteristics and, simultaneously, take into account the amount of cannibalization caused by different tactics.
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LAUNCH TACTICS AND PRODUCT CANNIBALIZATION IN HIGH TECHNOLOGY MARKETS
Chien-Wei Chen,Nai-Hwa Lien 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.1
Product launch is perhaps the most important but risky phase in new product development process (Calantone & Montoya-Weiss, 1993). Product management at the launch phase aims to gain market acceptance, which, in turn, may maximize the chances of profitability (Guiltinan, 1999). One of the hidden, but real, threats for the vast majority of new product launches into a market is cannibalization, which refers to the process by which a new product gains a portion of its sales by diverting sales from an existing product (Harvey & Kerin, 1979;Lomax, Hammond, East, and Clemente, 1997; Traylor, 1986). High-technology markets are characterized by uncertainties that derive from market, technology, and competitive factors (Moriarty & Kosnik, 1989). Different information processing patterns among buyers are likely to emerge in high-technology markets (Capon and Glazer, 1987; Glazer, 1991). Accordingly, marketing strategies and tools are required to adapt to market environments. In response to environmental complexity and turbulence, marketers of high-tech products usually resort to marketing communications to assuage customers’ fear and doubt involved in product adoption (Lee and O’Connor, 2003). Such high-tech marketing practices, in a sense, illuminate signaling theory logic to mitigate uncertainty (Gulati and Higgins, 2003). Drawing on signaling theory, this research is to explore the circumstances under which launch tactics may result in salient product cannibalization. It is proposed that the cannibalization of product launch varies with the interactions between launch tactics and organizational/market factors. The findings of this research indicate that the cannibalization effect of price similarity will be greater for a launching firm possessing great product category strength. The cannibalization effects of preannouncing timing and price similarity tend to be greater in a highly competitive market context, as opposed to a low competitive context. Nevertheless, relative communication effort in support of product launch results in smaller cannibalization under a highly competitive condition. Product cannibalization derived by earlier preannouncements will become greater in a highly technologically turbulent market. This research contributes to the marketing and product management literature in two main respects. First, it represents an initial effort to empirically test the link between tactics in support of product launch and product cannibalization under different firm and market conditions. Second, we advance understanding of the cannibalization effects incurred by launch tactics by adopting a signaling approach. The fit between marketing strategy and its context has significant implications for new product performance, which should be captured in terms of the potential cannibalization between a new product and other products within the same firm, in addition to its sales and profitability. The findings may also offer guidelines for managing launch tactics. To make right decisions on developing appropriate tactics, the firms must accurately evaluate the firm and market characteristics and, simultaneously, take into account the amount of cannibalization caused by different tactics.
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INTRINSIC HARDNESS OF Ti(C,N) FILMS AND ITS DEPENDENCE ON MICROSTRUCTURE
Xu, Ke-Wei,Bai, Chen-Dong,Hu, Nai-Sai 한국재료학회 1995 Fabrication and Characterization of Advanced Mater Vol.1 No.2
The intrinsic hardness of Ti(C, N) films with a series of carbon content is investigated using Joensson-Hogmark method, but the constrnat, C, in J-H model is modified in terms of the hardness ratio of the film to the substrate. A linear relation between hardness and carbon content is evident for both ion plated and plasma assisted chemical vapour deposited films, but the latter has higher hardness and greater variation with carbon content. This is considered to be a result of TiN and TiC mixutre phases, which probally gives rise to small grain size and less columnar structure.
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Development of a Small Tea Plucking Machine
( Ping-lang Yen ),( Nai-wen Chang ),( Chen-ya Chen ),( Hong-xuan Wei ),( Shih-fangchen ),( Wei-yang Hwang ) 한국농업기계학회 2018 한국농업기계학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.23 No.1
Tea plucking in Taiwan suffers of serious labor shortage due to agricultural population decreasing and aging. The problems become even worse in hot season of tea plucking and cause tremendous economic loses for farmers. Current solutions of introducing tea harvesting machinery to substitute human power were not adequately suitable to Taiwan's geographical specialty. These machines were found difficult to operate efficiently in mountain areas, or in small tea farms, and farms with narrow ridge to ridge. This paper has proposed a tea plucking prototype that is specially designed to operate in mountain areas and for small scale tea farm. The machine contains a carrier, a tea cutter and a motorized mechanism. The carrier of small size was able to be moved by human and its tea plucking module is motorized. At the same time the height of cutter was automatically adjusted by the controller so that tea leaves can be evenly trimmed during the carrier movement. The prototype successfully demonstrated the efficiency of tea plucking can be increased and workload for human could be significantly reduced. In conclusion, the developed small electrical tea plucking machine was proved feasible for the release of labor shortage problem in Taiwan’s tea plucking industry.
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A Fair-Exchange E-Payment Protocol For Digital Products With Customer Unlinkability
( Yi-chung Yen ),( Tzong-chen Wu ),( Nai-wei Lo ),( Kuo-yu Tsai ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2012 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.6 No.11
Along with the development of Information Technology, online transactions through Internet have become more popular for the reasons of convenience and efficiency. In order to provide secure and reliable online transactions, an effective electronic payment protocol is crucial. In this paper, we propose a novel electronic payment protocol for digital product transactions with an offline arbiter to achieve fair exchange, automated dispute resolution, customer anonymity, and customer unlinkability. In our protocol a product token is adopted to eliminate the need of key management for digital product decryption in the offline arbiter. In addition, Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC)-based self-certified public key is utilized to further reduce computing overheads. According to our analysis, the efficiency of our protocol can be greatly increased in comparison with previous literatures.
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Soo-Ha Kwon,William Wei-Kai Lao,Che-Hsiung Lee,Angela Ting-Wei Hsu,Satomi Koide,Hsing-Yu Chen,Ki-Hyun Cho,Eiko Tanaka,Young-Woo Cheon,Tommy Nai-Jen Chang 대한성형외과학회 2021 Archives of Plastic Surgery Vol.48 No.6
Background The demand for aesthetic procedures continues to grow globally, particularly in East Asian countries. The popularity of specific aesthetic procedures varies, however, depending on the particular East Asian geographical region being studied. This study aimed to evaluate the experiences of and attitudes toward aesthetic procedures in five East Asian countries/regions, including China, Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Methods To recruit participants, an online questionnaire was designed and distributed on social media networks between May 2015 and March 2016. The statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software, version 22.0. Results A total of 3,088 people responded (approximately 600 in each country/region). Of these, 940 participants (47.8%) responded that they had experienced at least one aesthetic procedure in the past. Taiwan had the highest number of participants who had experienced at least one procedure (264/940, 41%), with primarily non-surgical experiences. Only in South Korea did surgical cosmetic experiences exceed non-surgical cosmetic experiences (55.9% vs. 44.1%). The popularity of particular procedures and the motivation for undergoing aesthetic procedures varied by country. Conclusions The popularity of aesthetic procedures continues to evolve. Similar trends were observed across the East Asian regions; however, each country had its unique demands and preferences. The information provided by this study can help aesthetic plastic surgeons further understand the patients in their corresponding region, customize their practice, and develop the requisite skills.
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