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RISS 인기검색어
- 검색키워드
- 저자 : W. Steven Barnett (검색결과 2 건)
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Universal and Targeted Approaches to Preschool Education in the United States
W. Steven Barnett 육아정책연구소 2010 International Journal of Child Care and Education Vol.4 No.1
In the United States, enrollments in preschool center-based programs have leveled off at about 75 percent of four¬year-olds and 50 percent of three year olds. Nearly all government programs restrict eligibility to children in low-income families, and these families have substantially increased preschool participation rates as a result. However, in the last decade little progress was made toward increasing enrollments, despite increases in government spending, and less than half of children in poverty attend public programs even at age four. The average educational quality of private programs is quite low, and public programs are only modestly better. As a result, the educational effectiveness of preschool programs in the United States tends to be much weaker than that of the well-known programs research has shown be cost-effective. This paper considers whether publicly funded preschool education for all children would alleviate these problems. Universal public preschool education would reach many more children in poor and low-income families. For means-tested programs constantly changing incomes present a moving target, while the stigma associated with programs for the poor also limits participation. Program effectiveness would be at least as good in a universal program as in targeted program, and effectiveness might actually improve. One source of increased effectiveness is peer effects on learning. In addition, parents from higher-income families may be better advocates for quality, and political support for quality may be higher. Children from middle-and higher-income families also will benefit from high-quality publicly-subsidized preschool programs. A universal approach will cost more than current targeted programs, but moving from targeted to universal public preschool education is likely to produce benefits that far exceed the additional cost.
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Angela J. Henderson,Ajay Kumar,Brittany Barnett,Steven W. Dow,Elizabeth P. Ryan 한국식품영양과학회 2012 Journal of medicinal food Vol.15 No.5
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue maintains mucosal homeostasis by combating pathogens and inducing a state of hyporesponsiveness to food antigens and commensal bacteria.Dietary modulation of the intestinal immune environment represents a novel approach for enhancing protective responses against pathogens and inflammatory diseases. Dietary rice bran consists of bioactive components with disease-fighting properties. Therefore, we conducted a study to determine the effects of whole dietary rice bran intake on mucosal immune responses and beneficial gut microbes. Mice were fed a 10%rice bran diet for 28 days. Serum and fecal sampleswere collected throughout the study to assess total immunoglobulinA (IgA) concentrations. Tissue samples were collected for cellular immune phenotype analysis, and concentrations of native gut Lactobacillus spp. were enumerated in the fecal samples.Wefound that dietary rice bran induced an increase in total IgAlocally and systemically. In addition, B lymphocytes in the Peyer’s patches of mice fed rice bran displayed increased surface IgA expression compared with lymphocytes from control mice. Antigen-presenting cells were also influenced by rice bran, with a significant increase in myeloid dendritic cells residing in the lamina propria andmesenteric lymph nodes. Increased colonization of native Lactobacillus was observed in rice bran–fedmice compared with controlmice. These findings suggest that rice bran–inducedmicrobial changesmay contribute to enhanced mucosal IgA responses, and we conclude that increased rice bran consumption represents a promising dietary intervention to modulate mucosal immunity for protection against enteric infections and induction of beneficial gut bacteria.
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