De l’anthropologie à l’anthropogénie: Homo animal techno-sémiotique

Marc Van Lier 고려대학교 응용문화연구소 2022 에피스테메 Vol.- No.27

Les anthropologies, qu’elles soient locales ou fondamentales, souffrent de problèmes de morcellement ou de fondements qui leur rend difficile de formuler des réponses concernant les origines de la technique et de la sémiotique alors que l’une comme l’autre sont des marqueurs essentiels des différences entre Homo et l’ensemble des autres animaux. Pour tenter d’apporter des réponses, cet article propose d’adopter une approche anthropogénique sur le temps long et de s’intéresser à la manière dont Homo s’est constitué, darwiniennement, en tant qu’animal techno-sémiotique, au cours des deux derniers millions d’années. Le choix du temps long appelle bien sûr des référentiels qui permettent de s’affranchir des époques, des civilisations et des situations particulières. Ainsi, par exemple, dans le cadre de cet article, nous sommes-nous intéressés à la géométrie (topologie) du corps d’Homo qui, à la différence de celui des autres animaux, est particulièrement segmentarisant, transversalisant et panoplisant. Ces trois caractéristiques topologiques du corps d’Homo l’auraient rendu particulièrement apte à devenir un animal technique, du moins si l’on considère que la technique commence par des instruments, déjà connus des animaux, mais qu’ensuite Homo les aurait articulés en panoplies et en protocoles, inconnus des animaux. Désormais organisés en « boîtes à outils », ces instruments seraient devenus des « outils » et le point de départ de la technique. De manière similaire le corps segmentarisant d’Homo aurait également été propice à l’émergence du signe, défini anthropogéniquement comme un segment d’Univers qui par des liens divers thématise d’autres segments d’Univers, de manière pure, sans charges opérationnelles. Un doigt, segment thématiseur, qui pointe un objet, segment thématisé, est déjà un signe. Une telle approche anthropogénique, sur le temps long, permet visiblement de proposer des origines communes à la technique et à la sémiotique, ici par exemple à partir de notions comme le segment, la panoplie, et le protocole, valables sur plusieurs millions d’années. Mais, au-delà des conclusions de cet article, c’est probablement le choix de référentiels indépendants des époques, des civilisations et des situations particulières qui sera le plus susceptible de stimuler tous les chercheurs intéressés par les sciences humaines et les accomplissements d’Homo dans tous les domaines. L’essentiel de cet article est inspiré du livre ANTHROPOGENIE, du philosophe Henri VAN LIER (1921 – 2009), et la quasi-totalité de ses textes d’anthropogénie générale et d’anthropogénies locales sont disponibles sur le site http://www.anthropogenie.com/

Traditions and New Directions in Foreign Language Research and Teaching: Korean as a Foreign Language

( Leo Van Lier ) 국제한국어교육학회 2007 국제한국어교육학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2007 No.-

Two-photon absorption cross section of excited phthalocyanines by a femtosecond Ti-sapphire laser

Mir, Youssef,Van Lier, Johan E.,Allard, Jean-Francois,Morris, Denis,Houde, Daniel Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.3

In the past few years, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become a major treatment for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in which there is abnormal growth of choroidal neovasculature (CNV) that eventually obscures central vision, leading to blindness. However, one of the main limitations of current PDT is the relatively low specificity of the photosensitizer (PS) and light for pathological tissue which may induce damage to adjacent healthy tissue. An alternative approach to circumvent the specificity limitation is to improve the irradiation process. In particular two photon (2-$\gamma$) excitation promises a more precise illumination of the target tissue. PS are activated by the simultaneous absorption of 2-$\gamma$ delivered by ultra-fast pulses of near infrared light. In order to evaluate the efficiency of phthalocyanine (Pc) dyes for 2-$\gamma$ absorption we measured 2-$\gamma$ absorption cross sections ($\sigma_2$) of a number of metalated Pc (MPc) dyes at $\lambda_{ex}$ = 800 nm using a femtosecond laser. The studied Pc molecules vary by the type of the central metal ion (Al or Zn) and the number of peripheral sulfo substituents (MPcS). Each MPc dye of our series shows an improved 2-$\gamma$ absorption $\sigma_2$ as compared to that obtained for Photofrin ($3.1{\pm}0.1\;GM$, with 1 GM = $10^{-50}\;cm^4\;s\;photon^{-1}\;mol^{-1}$), the PS currently approved for 1-$\gamma$ PDT. Our data show an 2.5-fold enhancement for AlPcCl, $AlPcS_{2adj}$ and $ZnPcS_3C_9$, up to 10-fold ($28.6{\pm}0.72\;GM$) for the ZnPcS4 dye relative to Photofrin. These findings confirm the efficiency of Pc for 2-$\gamma$ absorption processes and represent the first detailed comparison study of 2-$\gamma$ absorption $\sigma_2$ between Photofrin and Pc dyes.

Bromines on N-allyl position of cationic porphyrins affect both radio- and photosensitizing properties

Picard, Nathalie,Ali, Hasrat,Van Lier, Johan E.,Klarskov, Klaus,Paquette, Benoit Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.2

With the aim to develop improved dual-action sensitizers suitable for both photodynamic therapy (PDT) and radiotherapy, we prepared a series of metal and metal-free cationic porphyrins, brominated either on $\beta$- or N-allyl positions. Photo- and radiosensitizing efficacy was evaluated in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells incubated with $1\;{\mu}M$ porphyrin and treated with graded doses of visible light or 0.6 Gy of $^{60}Co$ gamma irradiation. Metabolic activity after PDT or cell survival after gamma irradiation were estimated by a colorimetric (MTT) or clonogenicity assay, respectively. The highest photo- and radiosensitizing activities were observed with the porphyrins substituted with bromines on N-allyl positions. The non-metalated N-allyl bromoporphyrin exhibited the highest photocytotoxicity ($LD_{50}=4.1{\pm}0.6\;J\;cm^{-2}$, compared to $15.3{\pm}2.2\;J\;cm^{-2}$ for the non-brominated analog). The radiosensitizing capacity of the cationic porphyrins was also affected by these substitutions with the non-metalated N-allyl bromo analog showing the best improvement ($LD_{50}=1.2{\pm}0.4\;Gy$ vs. $3.6{\pm}0.9\;Gy$ for the non-brominated analog). The increased photodynamic and radiosensitizing potencies due to bromine addition hold potential for the development of new, improved drugs for cancer treatment in combination with photodynamic and radiation therapy.

Pd-catalyzed Heck reaction for the synthesis of isomeric metallo tetravinylsulfo phthalocyanines and their photosensitizing properties

Ali, Hasrat,Cauchon, Nicole,Van Lier, Johan E. Korean Society of Photoscience 2009 Photochemical & photobiological sciences Vol.8 No.6

Tetrasulfonated zinc phthalocyanine ($ZnPcS_4$) is a potent sensitizer for photodynamic therapy of various medical conditions. Depending on its mode of preparation the material consists of mixtures of ortho and meta sulfonated derivatives as well as regioisomers with different photodynamic potency. To study the effect of the site of substitution on biological parameters that contribute to overall photodynamic efficacy, a series of pure ortho- and meta-tetravinylsulfonated metallo phthalocyanines MPc-o/m-$(VS)_4$ were prepared from the corresponding tetraiodo phthalocyanines using the palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction (Heck reaction). Compared to the tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines, the tetravinylsulfonated derivatives are more hydrophobic and their Q-band absorption maxima are red-shifted. While their in vitro phototoxicity is in the same range as the mixed isomeric sulfonated derivatives, ortho-substituted MPc-o-$(VS)_4$ are more photocytotoxic as compared to their corresponding meta analogs. Although the central metal ion and site of substitution affect aggregation, the tendency to aggregate did not correlate with photodynamic potency nor did overall cell uptake. Instead, intracellular localization at both mitochondrial and lysosomal membranes appears to be the major factor explaining the augmented activity of the ortho substituted derivatives.

Simulation of Wheelchair Use

Cremers G,Gelderblom G,J,van Lier J 한국과학기술원 인간친화 복지 로봇 시스템 연구센터 2003 International Journal of Assistive Robotics and Me Vol.4 No.1

This paper concerns the simulation of wheelchair use for the purpose of assessment and training. Two studies on this topic are described. The first study explores the possibilities for the development of a multimedia wheelchair simulator. Four goals for application are identified and a possible simulation configuration is presented. In the second study a prototype of a joystick simulator has been developed. This device is primarily designed for young infants commencing wheelchair driving and it features specific dynamic adjustment capabilities.