오염 영양원 제거에 관한 기술 개발 및 검토

Upton, John 한국수처리기술연구회 1995 한국수처리학회지 Vol.3 No.4

질소와 인제거를 명시하는 영국의 하수처리체계는 유럽공동체(EC)의 지향적인 도시 하수 처리를 주도할 것이다. 본 연구는 화학적 침전에 의해 인은 제거하는 North West Water사와 Anglian Water사의 기술을 통하여 직접적으로 하수처리에 영향을 미치는 Water Company들의 활동상황을 검토한 것이다. Thames Water와 Severn Trent Water사들은 영국하수에 적합한 생물학적 인제거 기술을 평가하기 위한 실규모의 질소와 인제거 플랜트를 설치하였다. 영국에서의 질소제거는 하수의 방류로 인한 음용수 수원의 수질악화를 방지하기 위한 것이며, 살수여상 플랜트에서의 질소제거에 적합한 기술은 심층여과(deep bed filter)에 의한 탈질(denitrification)을 주로 행하였다. 대체로 활성슬러지 처리는 슬러지 처리조로 부터 반송된 하수중의 고농도 암모니아와 질소를 주로 제거하였다. 본 연구는 고도의 생물학적 인제거(Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal, EBPR)를 위해 Startford-upon-Avon에서 main-stream을 이용한 UCT 및 JHB와 side-stream을 이용한 Phostrip^(TM) 시스템에 대한 실규모의 비교실험을 행하였다. 실험결과 생물학적 인제거에 있어서는 하수의 농도와 성상이 중요함을 보였고, main-stream에서는 인을 목표수질인 1㎎/L이하로 하기 위해서는 단쇄지방산(Short Chain Fatty Acids, SCFA)의 첨가가 필수적이었다. Phostrip^(TM) 공정은 저농도의 하수에도 적절하며 단쇄지방산을 첨가하지 않고도 인을 목표수질이하로 유지할수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 질산화(nitrification), 탈질(denitrification) 및 인을 제거하기 위하여 기존 질화 활성슬러지공정의 효율은 향상시키는 방법들에 대하여 경제성을 비교하였다. The European Community Urban Waste water treatment directive will lead to a number of sewage treatment works in the UK having to remove nitrogen and phosphorus. This paper reviews the activities by those Water Companies most directly affected; and describes the experiences of North West Water and Anglian Water removing phosphorus by chemical precipitation. Elsewhere Thames Water and Severn Trent Water have built full scale N and P removal plants to assess the suitability of Biological Phosphorus removal for UK sewages. Nitrogen removal in the UK will be a restricted requirement affecting only those discharges to waters abstracted for potable supply, and the author describes the UK experience with denitrification in Deep Bed Filters a technology particularly suited for Nitrogen removal at trickling filter plants. At larger Activated Sludge plants work is described on the removal of high strength Ammonia and Nitrogen in the recycle streams from sludge treatment centres. The Author describes the experimental programme on Enhanced Biological Phosphorus removal (EBPR) in Severn Trent Water at Stratford-upon-Avon where a full scale trial is underway comparing Mainstream process designs (UCT, JHB) with the side-stream Phostrip^(TM) system. Results will be presented that illustrate the significance of sewage strength and characteristics in the biological removal of P; with the addition of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) from an on site fermenter being essential for the mainstream process to remove P to below the target standard of 1 ㎎/l. The Phostrip^(TM) process is more tolerant of weaker sewage and results indicate that target standards can be met without the addition of SCFA. The author will also provide a cost comparison of different ways of uprating an existing nitrifying activated sludge plant to achieve nitrification, denitrification and phosphorus removal.

Examining the Effects of Anacardic Acid Alone or in Combination with Chemotherapeutics on Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Maiyon Park,Melodie Blckmon,Scott Craver,Valerie Eversole,Danielle Upton 한국식품영양과학회 2015 한국식품영양과학회 학술대회발표집 Vol.2015 No.8

Altered Bon,e Morphogenetic Protein and Transforming Growth Factor-β Signaling in Rat Models of Pulmonary Hypertension : Potential for Activin Receptor-Like Kinase-5 Inhibition in Prevention and Progression of Disease

Dae-Kee, Kim,Lu Long,Alexi Crosby,Xudong, Yang,Mark Southwood,D. Upton,Nicholas W. Morrell 이화여자대학교 약학연구소 2010 藥學硏究論文集 Vol.- No.20

Background— Recent genetic studies have highlighted the role of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of familial pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). It remains unclear whether alterations in these pathways contribute to other forms of pulmonary hypertension and to what extent these changes can be exploited for therapeutic intervention. Methods and Results— We studied BMP/TGF-β signaling in 2 rat models of PAH due to chronic hypoxia and monocrotaline. In both models, there was a significant reduction in lung BMP type IA receptor and BMP type II receptor mRNA expression, although these changes were more pronounced in the monocrotaline model. This was accompanied by a reduction in lung levels of phospho-Smad1/5 and Id (inhibitor of DNA binding) gene expression in the monocrotaline model. In contrast, we observed increased TGF-β activity, again more marked in the monocrotaline model, as evidenced by increased phospho-Smad2/3 and increased expression of TGF-β–regulated genes. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased TGF-β1 expression in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and macrophages surrounding remodeled pulmonary arteries in monocrotaline rats. Inhibition of activin receptor-like kinase-5 signaling in vivo with the selective small-molecule inhibitor IN-1233 prevented PAH, right ventricular hypertrophy, and vascular remodeling after monocrotaline injection and inhibited the progression of established PAH in this model. No significant effect was observed in hypoxic PAH. In vitro studies confirmed that TGF-β stimulated migration of distal rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells and that this effect was inhibited by IN-1233. Conclusions— Disruption of BMP/TGF-β signaling is more pronounced in the monocrotaline model of PAH than in the chronic hypoxia model. Increased TGF-β activity is associated with greater macrophage recruitment with monocrotaline treatment. Inhibition of TGF-β signaling via activin receptor-like kinase-5 prevents development and progression of PAH in the monocrotaline model and may involve inhibition of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell migration.

Pressure-Induced Confined Metal from the Mott InsulatorSr3Ir2O7

Ding, Yang,Yang, Liuxiang,Chen, Cheng-Chien,Kim, Heung-Sik,Han, Myung Joon,Luo, Wei,Feng, Zhenxing,Upton, Mary,Casa, Diego,Kim, Jungho,Gog, Thomas,Zeng, Zhidan,Cao, Gang,Mao, Ho-kwang,van Veenendaal, American Physical Society 2016 Physical Review Letters Vol.116 No.21

<P>The spin-orbit Mott insulator Sr3Ir2O7 provides a fascinating playground to explore insulator-metal transition driven by intertwined charge, spin, and lattice degrees of freedom. Here, we report high-pressure electric resistance and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering measurements on single-crystal Sr3Ir2O7 up to 63-65 GPa at 300 K. The material becomes a confined metal at 59.5 GPa, showing metallicity in the ab plane but an insulating behavior along the c axis. Such an unusual phenomenon resembles the strange metal phase in cuprate superconductors. Since there is no sign of the collapse of spin-orbit or Coulomb interactions in x-ray measurements, this novel insulator-metal transition is potentially driven by a first-order structural change at nearby pressures. Our discovery points to a new approach for synthesizing functional materials.</P>

Magnetic Flux Transport at the Solar Surface

Jiang, J.,Hathaway, D. H.,Cameron, R. H.,Solanki, S. K.,Gizon, L.,Upton, L. Springer Science + Business Media 2014 Space science reviews Vol.186 No.1

Tumor evolution and intratumor heterogeneity of an oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma revealed by whole-genome sequencing.

Zhang, Xinyi Cindy,Xu, Chang,Mitchell, Ryan M,Zhang, Bo,Zhao, Derek,Li, Yao,Huang, Xin,Fan, Wenhong,Wang, Hongwei,Lerma, Luisa Angelica,Upton, Melissa P,Hay, Ashley,M?ndez, Eduardo,Zhao, Lue Ping Stockton Press 2013 Neoplasia Vol.15 No.12

<P>Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is characterized by significant genomic instability that could lead to clonal diversity. Intratumor clonal heterogeneity has been proposed as a major attribute underlying tumor evolution, progression, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Understanding genetic heterogeneity could lead to treatments specific to resistant and metastatic tumor cells. To characterize the degree of intratumor genetic heterogeneity within a single tumor, we performed whole-genome sequencing on three separate regions of an human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma and two separate regions from one corresponding cervical lymph node metastasis. This approach achieved coverage of approximately 97.9% of the genome across all samples. In total, 5701 somatic point mutations (SPMs) and 4347 small somatic insertions and deletions (indels)were detected in at least one sample. Ninety-two percent of SPMs and 77% of indels were validated in a second set of samples adjacent to the discovery set. All five tumor samples shared 41% of SPMs, 57% of the 1805 genes with SPMs, and 34 of 55 cancer genes. The distribution of SPMs allowed phylogenetic reconstruction of this tumor's evolutionary pathway and showed that the metastatic samples arose as a late event. The degree of intratumor heterogeneity showed that a single biopsy may not represent the entire mutational landscape of HNSCC tumors. This approach may be used to further characterize intratumor heterogeneity in more patients, and their sample-to-sample variations could reveal the evolutionary process of cancer cells, facilitate our understanding of tumorigenesis, and enable the development of novel targeted therapies.</P>

Determination of Hund's coupling in 5d oxides using resonant inelastic x-ray scattering

Yuan, Bo,Clancy, J. P.,Cook, A. M.,Thompson, C. M.,Greedan, J.,Cao, G.,Jeon, B. C.,Noh, T. W.,Upton, M. H.,Casa, D.,Gog, T.,Paramekanti, A.,Kim, Young-June American Physical Society 2017 Physical Review B Vol.95 No.23

<P>We report resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (RIXS) measurements on ordered double-perovskite samples containing Re5+ and Ir5+ with 5d(2) and 5d(4) electronic configurations, respectively. In particular, the observedRIXS spectra of Ba2YReO6 and Sr2MIrO6 (M = Y, Gd) show sharp intra-t(2g) transitions, which can be quantitatively understood using a minimal 'atomic' Hamiltonian incorporating spin-orbit coupling. and Hund's coupling J(H). Our analysis yields lambda = 0.38(2) eV with J(H) = 0.26(2) eV for Re5+ and lambda = 0.42(2) eV with J(H) = 0.25(4) eV for Ir5+. Our results provide sharp estimates for Hund's coupling in 5d oxides and suggest that it should be treated on equal footing with spin-orbit interaction in multiorbital 5d transition-metal compounds.</P>

Longer-range lattice anisotropy strongly competing with spin-orbit interactions in pyrochlore iridates

Hozoi, L.,Gretarsson, H.,Clancy, J. P.,Jeon, B.-G.,Lee, B.,Kim, K. H.,Yushankhai, V.,Fulde, Peter,Casa, D.,Gog, T.,Kim, Jungho,Said, A. H.,Upton, M. H.,Kim, Young-June,van den Brink, Jeroen American Physical Society 2014 Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials Vol.89 No.11

In the search for topological phases in correlated electron systems, materials with 5d transition-metal ions, in particular the iridium-based pyrochlores A2Ir2O7, provide fertile grounds. Several topological states have been predicted but the actual realization of such states is believed to critically depend on the strength of local potentials arising from distortions of the IrO6 cages. We test this hypothesis by measuring with resonant inelastic x-ray scattering the electronic level splittings in the A = Y, Eu systems, which we show to agree very well with ab initio quantum chemistry electronic-structure calculations for the series of materials with A = Sm, Eu, Lu, and Y. We find, however, that the primary source for quenching the spin-orbit interaction is not a distortion of the IrO6 octahedra but longer-range lattice anisotropies which inevitably break the local cubic symmetry.