Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Pan-african Granitoids in Kaiama, North Central, Nigeria

Aliyu Ohiani Umaru(Aliyu Ohiani Umaru ),Olugbenga Okunlola(Olugbenga Okunlola ),Umaru Adamu Danbatta(Umaru Adamu Danbatta ),Olusegun G. Olisa(Olusegun G. Olisa ) 대한자원환경지질학회 2023 자원환경지질 Vol.56 No.3

Pan African granitoids of Kaiama is comprised of K-feldspar rich granites, porphyritic granites, and granitic gneiss that are intruded by quartz veins and aplitic veins and dykes which trend NE-SW. In order to establish the geochemical signatures, petrogenesis, and tectonic settings of the lithological units, petrological, petrographical, and geochemical studies was carried out. Petrographic analysis reveals that the granitoids are dominantly composed of quartz, plagioclase feldspar, biotite, and k-feldspar with occasional muscovites, sericite, and opaque minerals that constitute very low proportion. Major, trace, and rare earth elements geochemical data reveal that the rocks have moderate to high silica (SiO2=63-79.7%) and alumina (Al2O3=11.85-16.15) contents that correlate with the abundance of quartz, feldspars, and biotite. The rocks are calc-alkaline, peraluminous (ASI=1.0-<1.2), and S-type granitoids sourced by melting of pre-existing metasedimentary or sedimentary rocks containing Al, Na, and K oxides. They plot dominantly in the WPG and VAG fields suggesting emplacement in a post-collisional tectonic setting. On a multi-element variation diagram, the granitoids show depletion in Ba, K, P, Rb, and Ti while enrichment was observed for Th, U, Nd, Pb and Sm. Their rare-earth elements pattern is characterized by moderate fractionation ((La/Yb)N=0.52-38.24) and pronounced negative Eu-anomaly (Eu/Eu*=0.02-1.22) that points to the preservation of plagioclase from the source magma. Generally, the geochemical features of the granitoids show that they were derived by the partial melting of crustal rocks with some input from greywacke and pelitic materials in a typical post-collisional tectonic setting.

Phytochemical Screening, Isolation, Characterization of Bioactive and Biological Activity of Bungkang, (Syzygium polyanthum) Root-bark Essential Oil

Umaru, Isaac John,Umaru, Kerenhappuch I.,Umaru, Hauwa A. Korea FoodHealth Convergence Association 2020 식품보건융합연구 (KJFHC) Vol.6 No.3

Bungkang (Syzygium polyanthum) is a medium to tall plant which produces medicinal root-bark, the plant is normally found along inland river bank and produces small white flowers and fruits. Essential oils are among the most interesting components of the plant extracts consisting mostly of monoterpenoid or sesquiterpenoids. They are used as therapeutic agents in ethno, conventional, and complementary alternative medicines. Investigation and evaluation of the essential oil of Syzygium polyanthum as well as the antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal activity was ascertained. The experiment was performed. 100 chemical constituents were obtained and two pure compound was isolated as Eugenol (1) and Farnesol (2). Significant growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, (ATCCⓒ25923) Klebsiellia pneumonia (ATCCⓒ19155), Salmonella typhi (ATCCⓒ14028) and Escherichia coli (ATCC©25922) and the fungal strains Aspergillus flavin, Aspergillus niger, Candida, tropicalis, and Fusarium oxysporium was observed from the essential oil at concentration of 500 ㎍/mL. Antioxidant potential was observed to be strong of 18.42 ㎍/mL when compared to the control of 15.23 ㎍/mL. The result indicated that the oil obtained from root-bark of Syzygium polyanthum can be considered as an agent for antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal in pharmaceutical food and cosmetic industries trails.

Chemical Composition of Leaves, Stem bark and Fruit Essential Oil from Premna foetida Linn

Isaac John UMARU,Maryam Usman AHMED,Bilyaminu HABIBU,Yohanna Roy EMOCHONE 한국식품보건융합학회 2021 식품보건융합연구 (KJFHC) Vol.7 No.6

Premna foetida is a woody plant with short and twisted trunk. P. foetida is a scandent, erect shrub or small tree, thorny on the trunk and large branches. Leaves are opposite or whorled and entire or serrate. Premna foetida is a wild plant locally known as “Daun Sebuas”. P. foetida is used for it nutritive and as traditional treatment. The fruit and leaves of P. foetida are prepared for salad. The study aimed at the hydrodistillation and antioxidant activity of leaves, stem-bark and fruits essential oil from Premna foetida Linn, they were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS. Ninety eight compounds representing 81.68±0.02, 37.31±0.05and 93.45±0.03 of the isolates of leaves, stem-bark and fruits respectively were identified, the most abundant were α –Duprezianene (77.27±0.03, leaves, α-Gurjunene (36.06 ±0.05) fruits and Hinesol acetate (77.19±0.03) stem-bark. Components among which sesquiterpenoids dominated. The total volatiles were assayed for antioxidant potentials using 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The total volatiles showed strong activity with IC50 of 11.74±0.82µg/ml, 9.63±0.34 µg/ml and 49.73±1.12 µg/ml for leaves fruits and stem-bark respectively.

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Shale Deposits in the Lower Anambra Basin, Nigeria: Implication for Provenance, Tectonic Setting and Depositional Environment

Olugbenga Okunlola(Olugbenga Okunlola ),Agonsi Udodirim Lydia(Agonsi Udodirim Lydia ),Aliyu Ohiani Umaru(Aliyu Ohiani Umaru ),Raymond Webrah Kazapoe(Raymond Webrah Kazapoe ),Olusegun G. Olisa(Olusegun 대한자원환경지질학회 2023 자원환경지질 Vol.56 No.6

Mineralogical and geochemical studies of shales within the Lower Anambra Basin was conducted to unravel the depositional environment, provenance, maturity, paleo-weathering conditions, and tectonic settings. Mineralogical studies conducted using X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the samples were composed of kaolinite, montmorillonite, chlorite, and illite. KaolinIite is the dominant mineral, constituting approximately 41.5% of the bulk composition, whereas the non-clay minerals are quartz, ilmenite, and sillimanite. Geochemical analysis showed a predominance of SiO2, Al2O3, and Fe2O3 contents of the shale samples with mean values of 52.29%, 14.09%, and 6.15% for Imo Shale (IS); 52.31%, 16.70%, and 7.39% for Mamu Shale (MS); 43.21%, 21.33%, and 10.36% for Enugu Shale (ES); 53.35%, 15.64%, and 7.17% for Nkporo Shale (NS); and 51.24%, 17.25%, and 7.78% for Agwu Shale (AS). However, the shales were depleted in Na2O, MgO, K2O, MnO, TiO2, CaO, and P2O5. The trace element ratios of Ni/Co and Cu/Zn of the shale suggest an oxic depositional environment. The average SiO2 vs. Al2O3 ratio of the shales indicated textural maturity. Compared to the PAAS standard, the shales plot below the PAAS value of 0.85, suggesting a high degree of maturity and intensive chemical weathering, further confirmed on a CIA vs. PIA plot. On log (K2O/Na2O) against SiO2 and tectonic setting discriminant function diagrams, the shales plot mostly in the field of passive continental margin tectonic setting. The discriminant function diagrams as well as Al2O3/TiO2 ratio of the shales showed that they were derived from a mixed source (mafic and intermediate igneous rocks).

Skilled Migration, Human Capital and Educated Unemployment

( Abubakar Lawan Ngoma ),( Usman Umaru Bubaram ) 한양대학교 경제연구소 2021 JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH Vol.26 No.3

It is, theoretically, argued that the possibility of migration to where-the-returns to education is higher promotes human capital investment and educated unemployment in the migrants’ source countries. However, empirical studies seeking to support this claim are uncommon in the received literature. This paper examines the effect of skilled migration on human capital formation and unemployment of educated workers in migrants’ source developing countries. The paper uses System Generalised Method of Moments (SGMM) technique on panel dataset from 96 migrant-sending countries over the period of 1980 - 2000. The results reveal that skilled migration exerts positive effect on educational investment in migrants’ source countries. The results further show that the possibility of skilled migration attenuates skilled unemployment in migrants’ source countries. From the policy standpoint, the paper shows that policymakers in migrantsending countries can use the potentials of international migration to boost their countries level of human capital and reduce skilled unemployment.

Influence of Municipal Wastewater on Rice Seed Germination, Seedling Performance, Nutrient Uptake, and Chlorophyll Content

Adam Bin Puteh,Umaru Mohamed Gassama,Mohamed Ridzwan Abd-Halim,Bashiru Kargbo 한국작물학회 2015 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.18 No.1

The sand medium experiment was conducted in the laboratory with the aim of evaluating the suitability of municipal wastewater (treated and untreated) at different concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100%) for irrigation purposes on seed germination, seedling performance, nutrient uptake, and chlorophyll content of rice (MR220). The utilization of municipal wastewater for irrigation purposes has developed an important way to exploit the nutrients it contains. The study indicated a significant (P < 0.05) difference between untreated and treated municipal wastewater for seedling length (SL), root volume (RV), root surface area (RSA), seedling vigor index (SVI), and root : shoot ratio (R : S) while no significant different was observed between untreated and treated municipal wastewater for germination percentage (GP) and percentage phytotoxicity (PPT). The municipal wastewaters had stimulatory effect on the rice seeds at lower wastewater concentrations (< 25%) while inhibitory effect was observed at higher wastewater concentrations (> 50%). N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, and Mn were high in the untreated municipal wastewater compare to treated municipal wastewater. Seedlings irrigated with untreated municipal wastewater have high seed germination, seedling performance with high nutrient uptake compare to treated municipal wastewater. The municipal wastewaters showed inhibitory effect on chlorophyll content. The inhibition effect was observed at > 50% concentration of both untreated and treated municipal wastewater while promoting effects were observed at lower (< 25%) concentration. The rice MR220 variety showed better growth resistance, tolerance, and adaptability to wastewater. This can be due to its excellent genetic makeup and capacity to sustain the toxicity. Conclusively, municipal wastewater could be recommended as a good source of water and nutrient for seed germination and seedling performance.

Optimization of bioethanol production from nigerian sugarcane juice using factorial design

Suleiman, Bilyaminu,Abdulkareem, Saka A.,Afolabi, Emmanuel A.,Musa, Umaru,Mohammed, Ibrahim A.,Eyikanmi, Tope A. Techno-Press 2016 Advances in energy research Vol.4 No.1

The quest to reduce the level of overdependence on fossil fuel product and to provide all required information on proven existing alternatives for renewable energy has resulted into rapid growth of research globally to identify efficient alternative renewable energy sources and the process technologies that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. The present study is aimed at production and characterization of bioethanol produced from sugarcane juice using a $2^4$ factorial design investigating the effect of four parameters (reaction temperature, time, concentration of bacteria used and amount of substrate). The optimum bioethanol yield of 19.3% was achieved at a reaction temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, time of 72 hours, yeast concentration of 2 g and 300 g concentration of substrate (sugarcane juice). The result of statistical analysis of variance shows that the concentration of yeast had the highest effect of 7.325 and % contribution of 82.72% while the substrate concentration had the lowest effect and % contribution of -0.25 and 0.096% respectively. The bioethanol produced was then characterized for some fuel properties such as flash point, specific gravity, cloud point, pour point, sulphur content, acidity, density and kinematic viscosity. The results of bioethanol characterization conform to American society for testing and materials (ASTM) standard. Hence, sugarcane juice is a good and sustainable feedstock for bioethanol production in Nigeria owing relative abundance, cheap source of supply and available land for large scale production.