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Kazuhisa, Nakayama,Toshio, Watanabe,Tsutomu, Nakagawa,Kim, Won Sin,Masami, Nagahama,Masahiro, Hosaka,Kiyotaka, Hatsuzawa,Kiyomi, Kondoh-Hashiba,Kazuo, Murakami 圓光大學校 基礎自然科學硏究所 1993 基礎科學硏究誌 Vol.12 No.2
Many peptide hormones and neuropeptides are produced from larger, inactive precursors though endoproteolysis at sites usually marked by paired basic residues (primarily Lys-Arg and Arg-Arg), or occasionally by a monobasic residue (primarily Arg). Based upon data concerning processing of prorenin and its mutants around the native Lys-Arg cleavage site expressed in mouse pituitary AtT-20 cells, we present the following sequence rules that govern mono-arginyl cleavages: (a) a basic residue at the fourth (position-4) or the sixth(position-6) residue upstream of the cleavage site is required, (b) at position - 4, Arg ; more favorable than Lys, and (c) at position I, a hydrophobic aliphatic residue is not suitable. These rules are compatible with those proposed by comparison of precursor sequences around mono-arginyl cleavage sites. We also provide evidence that precursor cleavages at mono-arginly and dibasic sites can be catalyzed by the same Kex2-like processing endoprotease, PC1/PC3.
Preparation and Properties of Inorganic-organic Hybrid $Li^+$ Ion Conductor by Sol-gel Process
Nishio, Keishi,Miyazawa, Tsutomu,Watanabe, Yuichi,Tsuchiya, Toshio The Korean Ceramic Society 2001 The Korean journal of ceramics Vol.7 No.1
Inorganic-organic hybrid Li$^+$ ion conductors were prepared by the sol-gel process. Tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS), polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG$_200$) and lithium bis (trifluoro-methylsulfony) imide were used as raw materials and $H_2O$ was used as a solvent. Hybrid Li$^+$ ion conductor prepared by the sol-gel process showed very high ion conductivities of log${\sigma}_R.T$(S/cm)=-3.73, log${\sigma}_60$(S/cm)=-3.00 at room temperature and $60^{\circ}C$, respectivery. Decomposition voltage was 3.1 V.
Togashi Kenji,Adachi Kazunori,Kurogi Kazuhito,Yasumori Takanori,Watanabe Toshio,Toda Shohei,Matsubara Satoshi,Hirohama Kiyohide,Takahashi Tsutomu,Matsuo Shoichi 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.6
Objective: A formula is needed that is practical for current livestock breeding methods and that predicts the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs (sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters). The formula widely used to predict inbreeding neglects selection, we need to develop a new formula that can be applied with or without selection. Methods: The core of the prediction is to incorporate the long-tern genetic influence of the selected parents in four-selection paths executed as sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters. The rate of inbreeding was computed as the magnitude that is proportional to the sum of squared long-term genetic contributions of the parents of four-selection paths to the selected offspring. Results: We developed a formula to predict the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values and with discrete generations. The new formula can be applied with or without selection. Neglecting the effects of selection led to underestimation of the rate of inbreeding by 40% to 45%. Conclusion: The formula we developed here would be highly useful as a practical method for predicting the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs. Objective: A formula is needed that is practical for current livestock breeding methods and that predicts the approximate rate of inbreeding (∆F) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs (sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters). The formula widely used to predict inbreeding neglects selection, we need to develop a new formula that can be applied with or without selection.Methods: The core of the prediction is to incorporate the long-tern genetic influence of the selected parents in four-selection paths executed as sires to breed sons, sires to breed daughters, dams to breed sons, and dams to breed daughters. The rate of inbreeding was computed as the magnitude that is proportional to the sum of squared long-term genetic contributions of the parents of four-selection paths to the selected offspring.Results: We developed a formula to predict the rate of inbreeding in populations undergoing four-path selection on genomically enhanced breeding values and with discrete generations. The new formula can be applied with or without selection. Neglecting the effects of selection led to underestimation of the rate of inbreeding by 40% to 45%.Conclusion: The formula we developed here would be highly useful as a practical method for predicting the approximate rate of inbreeding (ΔF) in populations where selection is performed according to four-path programs.
Kenji Togashi,Kazunori Adachi,Kazuhito Kurogi,Takanori Yasumori,Kouichi Tokunaka,Atsushi Ogino,Yoshiyuki Miyazaki,Toshio Watanabe,Tsutomu Takahashi,Kimihiro Moribe 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.2
Objective: Models for genomic selection assume that the reference population is an unselected population. However, in practice, genotyped individuals, such as progeny-tested bulls, are highly selected, and the reference population is created after preselection. In dairy cattle, the intensity of selection is higher in males than in females, suggesting that cows can be added to the reference population with less bias and loss of accuracy. The objective is to develop formulas applied to any genomic prediction studies or practice with preselected animals as reference population. Methods: We developed formulas for calculating the reliability and bias of genomically enhanced breeding values (GEBV) in the reference population where individuals are preselected on estimated breeding values. Based on the formulas presented, deterministic simulation was conducted by varying heritability, preselection percentage, and the reference population size. Results: The number of bulls equal to a cow regarding the reliability of GEBV was expressed through a simple formula for the reference population consisting of preselected animals. The bull population was vastly superior to the cow population regarding the reliability of GEBV for low-heritability traits. However, the superiority of reliability from the bull reference population over the cow population decreased as heritability increased. Bias was greater for bulls than cows. Bias and reduction in reliability of GEBV due to preselection was alleviated by expanding reference population. Conclusion: Cows are easier in expanding reference population size compared with bulls and alleviate bias and reduction in reliability of GEBV of bulls which are highly preselected than cows by expanding the cow reference population.