Banking Sector Depth and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam

LE, Thi Thuy Hang,LE, Trung Dao,TRAN, Thi Dien,DUONG, Quynh Nga,DAO, Le Kieu Oanh,DO, Thi Thanh Nhan Korea Distribution Science Association 2021 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.8 No.3

The Vietnamese economy is a developing country that has brought many opportunities and challenges for the banking system. Commercial banks have developed strongly from quality to quantity, which plays a vital role in developing the economy. They play an important role in capital formation, which is essential for the economic development of a country. They provide financial services to the general public and businesses, ensuring economic and social stability and sustainable growth of the economy. Therefore, the relationship between bank depth and economic growth is of importance in research. This paper used a VAR (Vector Autoregressive Models) estimator for time series data models. The data is collected quarterly from the first quarter of the year 2000 to 2020. The study uses the VAR model to examine the causal relationships of economic growth, growth in money supply expansion, private sector capital requirement, and banks' domestic credit. The results indicate a general short-run relationship between banking sector depth and economic growth with a positive connection, but in the long term, the relationship between these variables can be reversed because of other macro factors. The findings show the two-way causal relationship between GDP growth and banking depth factors. This research contributes to policy-making by underlining the banking sector depth determinants when setting regulations and policies to develop the banking sector.

The Impact of Capital Requirement on Bank Performance: Empirical Evidence from Vietnamese Commercial Banks

LE, Trung Hai,NGUYEN, Ngan Bich,NGUYEN, Duong Thuy Korea Distribution Science Association 2022 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.9 No.6

This paper examines the effects of regulatory capital on a bank's profitability and risk. We employ annual data from Vietnamese commercial banks from 2005 to 2020 and use the dynamic GMM regression method to address the potential endogeneity issue, more suitable for panel data with relatively low time dimensions. Our panel regressions indicate that higher regulatory capital would significantly improve the bank's profitability and lower the bank risks. In particular, a one percent increase in the regulatory capital would significantly increase the bank's return on assets by 1.9%. We further explore the heterogeneous impacts of regulatory capital on the Vietnamese bank's performance across bank characteristics. We find that smaller, non-state-owned and non-listed banks would benefit from stringent regulatory capital requirements. The improvements in bank performance are mainly driven by reductions in the risk premium of the banks, resulting in lower funding costs and higher profitability. These findings are essential since Vietnam, as an emerging market, has only implemented the Basel II reform recently on a stable and fast-growing background rather than as a reaction to the global financial crisis. Thus, our empirical results support stringent regulatory capital in emerging countries to ensure a stable banking sector and boost economic growth.

IRSML: An intelligent routing algorithm based on machine learning in software defined wireless networking

Thuy-Van T. Duong,Le Huu Binh 한국전자통신연구원 2022 ETRI Journal Vol.44 No.5

In software-defined wireless networking (SDWN), the optimal routing technique is one of the effective solutions to improve its performance. This routing technique is done by many different methods, with the most common using integer linear programming problem (ILP), building optimal routing metrics. These methods often only focus on one routing objective, such as minimizing the packet blocking probability, minimizing end-to-end delay (EED), and maximizing network throughput. It is difficult to consider multiple objectives concurrently in a routing algorithm. In this paper, we investigate the application of machine learning to control routing in the SDWN. An intelligent routing algorithm is then proposed based on the machine learning to improve the network performance. The proposed algorithm can optimize multiple routing objectives. Our idea is to combine supervised learning (SL) and reinforcement learning (RL) methods to discover new routes. The SL is used to predict the performance metrics of the links, including EED quality of transmission (QoT), and packet blocking probability (PBP). The routing is done by the RL method. We use the Q-value in the fundamental equation of the RL to store the PBP, which is used for the aim of route selection. Concurrently, the learning rate coefficient is flexibly changed to determine the constraints of routing during learning. These constraints include QoT and EED. Our performance evaluations based on OMNeT++ have shown that the proposed algorithm has significantly improved the network performance in terms of the QoT, EED, packet delivery ratio, and network throughput compared with other wellknown routing algorithms.

Reinforcement learning for QoS-guaranteed intelligent routing in Wireless Mesh Networks with heavy traffic load

Thuy-Van T. Duong,Le Huu Binh,Vuong M. Ngo 한국통신학회 2022 ICT Express Vol.8 No.1

Wireless Mesh Networks is increasingly being applied widely with explosive traffic demand. This leads to a great challenge for traditional routing protocols in ensuring Quality of Service. We propose a QoS-guaranteed intelligent routing algorithm in this paper for WMN with heavy traffic load using reinforcement learning to improve its performance. We build a reward function for the Q-Learning algorithm to choose a route so that the packet delivery ratio is the highest. Concurrently, the learning rate coefficient is flexibly changed to determine constraints of the end-to-end delay. Our performance evaluations show that the proposed algorithm has significantly improved performance compared with other well-known routing algorithms.

Load Balancing Routing Under Constraints of Quality of Transmission in Mesh Wireless Network based on Software Defined Networking

Le Huu Binh,Thuy-Van T. Duong 한국통신학회 2021 Journal of communications and networks Vol.23 No.1

Load balancing routing and quality of transmission(QoT) aware routing have been increasingly studied in mesh wirelessnetworks (WMN) to improve their performance. For the loadbalancing routing, the traffic bottleneck in the network can be resolved. However, it can decrease QoT because the routes may passthrough multiple hops. On the other hand, the QoT aware routingoften improves the QoT of the routes, but it can increase thetraffic bottleneck due to the unbalanced traffic load in the network. Therefore, the investigation of load balancing routing takinginto account QoT is very essential, especially in the case of a wideand ultra-high speed WMN. In this paper, we propose a load balancingrouting algorithm under the constraints of QoT for WMN. Our method uses the principle of the software defined networking(SDN) to choose the load balancing routes satisfying the constraintsof QoT. Our performance evaluations using OMNeT++ have shownthe effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in improving QoT of thedata transmission routes, increasing the packet delivery ratio andthe network throughput, decreasing the end-to-end delay.

Heterogeneity and genetic variations of serotypes O and Asia 1 foot-and-mouth disease viruses isolated in Vietnam

Le, Van Phan,Nguyen, Tung,Park, Jong-Hyeon,Kim, Su-Mi,Ko, Young-Joon,Lee, Hyang-Sim,Nguyen, Van Cam,Mai, Thuy Duong,Do, Thi Hoa,Cho, In-Soo,Lee, Kwang-Nyeong Elsevier 2010 Veterinary microbiology Vol.145 No.3

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Six field foot-and-mouth disease viruses (FMDVs), including four serotype O and two serotype Asia 1 strains, were collected from endemic outbreaks in 2005, 2006, and 2007 from four different provinces in Vietnam. The viruses were isolated and genetically characterized for their complete genomic sequences. The genetic analysis based on the complete genomic coding sequences revealed that the four serotype O FMDVs were related to each other, sharing 95.2% nucleotide (nt) identity and 97.5–97.6% amino acid (aa) identity. Genetic analysis and a phylogenetic tree, based on the VP1 gene of FMDV, showed that the four present Vietnamese serotype O strains have a high level of identity with other serotype O representatives of the Mya-98 lineage of the Southeast Asian (SEA) topotype. The four viruses were all clustered into the Mya-98 lineage of the SEA topotype, sharing 92.3–95.6% nt and 93.4–96.7% aa identity. This finding of the Mya-98 lineage was different from previous reports that the Vietnamese serotype O strains belonged to the Cam-94 lineage of the SEA topotype and two other topotypes, Middle East-South Asia (ME-SA) and Cathay. For the two serotype Asia 1 FMDVs, the genetic analysis based on the complete genomic coding sequences as well as on the VP1 gene revealed that they belonged to two genogroups, IV and V. Of note, the As1/VN/QT03/2007 strain of genogroup V, isolated in 2007, was very closely related to the pandemic Asia 1 strain which caused FMD outbreaks in China (Asia1/WHN/CHA/06, FJ906802) and Mongolia (Asia1/MOG/05, EF614458) in 2005, sharing 99.0–99.3% nt and 99.5–100% aa identity. In contrast, the second strain As1/VN/LC04/2005 of genogroup IV, isolated in 2005, was closely related to all referenced Vietnamese serotype Asia 1 strains found in the GenBank databases, sharing 86.4–100% nt and 90.9–100% aa identity with each. This study is the first description of the full-length genomic sequence of Vietnamese FMDV serotypes O and Asia 1 and may provide the evidence of the concurrent circulation of different serotypes and subtypes of FMDV in recent years in Vietnam.</P>

Determinants of Operational Self-Sustainability of Microfinance Institutions in Vietnam

LE, Thanh Tam,DAO, Lan Phuong,DO, Ngoc Mai,TRUONG, Thi Hoai Linh,NGUYEN, Thi Thuy Duong,TRAN, Chung Thuy Korea Distribution Science Association 2020 The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Busine Vol.7 No.10

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the determinants of the Operational Self-Sustainability (OSS) of Vietnamese microfinance institutions (MFIs). This research uses both qualitative and quantitative research methods: (i) qualitative research was via in-depth interviews with ten microfinance practitioners, policymakers and researchers; (ii) quantitative research was conducted by using panel data of 34 MFIs in the period 2011-2015 with binary logistics and OLS regressions. Results are as follows: (i) MFIs' OSS in Vietnam are mainly determined by five key factors: portfolio at risk (PAR>30), capital structure, gross loan portfolio, scope of activities and legal form; (ii) OSS are most affected by legal status (social organizations have better OSS than formal MFIs or programs/projects), location (MFIs focus in one province have higher OSS than working nationwide or just in one district), capital structure (MFIs with more equity proportion have higher OSS); (iii) surprisingly, average loan size per borrower and age of MFIs do not have statistically significant correlation with OSS. The key recommendations are: (i) MFIs should focus on its professionality and increase its equity; (ii) related stakeholders such as State Bank of Vietnam should promote the enabling ecosystem for microfinance development to enhance poverty reduction and economic development.

Bioinspired pH- and Temperature-Responsive Injectable Adhesive Hydrogels with Polyplexes Promotes Skin Wound Healing

Le, Thai Minh Duy,Duong, Huu Thuy Trang,Thambi, Thavasyappan,Giang Phan, V.H.,Jeong, Ji Hoon,Lee, Doo Sung American Chemical Society 2018 Biomacromolecules Vol.19 No.8

<P>Despite great potential, the delivery of genetic materials into cells or tissues of interest remains challenging owing to their susceptibility to nuclease degradation, lack of permeability to the cell membrane, and short in vivo half-life, which severely restrict their widespread use in therapeutics. To surmount these shortcomings, we developed a bioinspired in situ-forming pH- and temperature-sensitive injectable hydrogel depot that could control the delivery of DNA-bearing polyplexes for versatile biomedical applications. A series of multiblock copolymer, comprised of water-soluble poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and pH- and temperature-responsive poly(sulfamethazine ester urethane) (PSMEU), has been synthesized as in situ-forming injectable hydrogelators. The free-flowing PEG-PSMEU copolymer sols at high pH and room temperature (pH 8.5, 23 °C) were transformed to stable gel at the body condition (pH 7.4, 37 °C). Physical and mechanical properties of hydrogels, including their degradation rate and viscosity, are elegantly controlled by varying the composition of urethane ester units. Subcutaneous administration of free-flowing PEG-PSMEU copolymer sols to the dorsal region of Sprague-Dawley rats instantly formed hydrogel depot. The degradation of the hydrogel depot was slow at the beginning and found to be bioresorbable after two months. Cationic protein or DNA-bearing polyplex-loaded PEG-PSMEU copolymer sols formed stable gel and controlled its release over 10 days in vivo. Owing to the presence of urethane linkages, the PEG-PSMEU possesses excellent adhesion strength to wide range of surfaces including glass, plastic, and fresh organs. More importantly, the hydrogels effectively adhered on human skin and peeled easily without eliciting an inflammatory response. Subcutaneous implantation of PEG-PSMEU copolymer sols effectively sealed the ruptured skin, which accelerated the wound healing process as observed by the skin appendage morphogenesis. The bioinspired in situ-forming pH- and temperature-sensitive injectable adhesive hydrogel may provide a promising platform for myriad biomedical applications as controlled delivery vehicle, adhesive, and tissue regeneration.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>

Some Issues of Information Storage Management for GIS Applications on Pocket PC and Windows CE 3.0

Duong Anh Duc,Le Thuy Anh,Do Lenh Hung Son 대한전자공학회 2004 International Conference on Electronics, Informati Vol.2004 No.8

Changes in Co-Occurrence of Smoking and Harmful Drinking among Youth: a Study from the Chi Linh Demographic - Epidemiological Surveillance System in Vietnam, 2006-2013

Duong, Minh Duc,Le, Thi Vui,Nguyen, Thuy Quynh,Hoang, Van Minh Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2016 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.17 No.no.sup1

Smoking and harmful drinking dramatically increase health risks but little is known about their cooccurrence and factors that influence this co-habit, limiting development and implementation of appropriately targeted prevention interventions. This study was conducted among youth aged 10-24 years old in the Chi Linh Demographic - Epidemiological Surveillance System (CHILILAB DESS). The total numbers in the first, second and third rounds in 2006, 2009 and 2013 were 12,406, 10,211, and 7,654, respectively. A random-effects logit model controlling for both time-variant and time-invariant variables was applied to explore factors associated with current smoking, harmful drinking, and occurrence of smoking and harmful drinking together. We found dramatically increasing trends in current smoking, harmful drinking and co-occurrence among youth. Our results indicate similar health problems among youth in peri-urban areas in Vietnam. Demographic characteristics (older age, being male, being unmarried, and having informal work) appeared to be predictors for smoking and drinking behaviour. Besides, peer and family members had significant influence on smoking, whereas having a close-friend who was smoking was the most important variable. The results suggested that smoking and harmful drinking should not be solved with separate, stand-alone interventions but rather with integrated efforts.