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Sorakon Suwanmanon,김기인 충남대학교 농업과학연구소 2019 Korean Journal of Agricultural Science Vol.46 No.4
The aim of this study was to evaluate heavy metal contamination and pollution index of agricultural soils around industrial complexes in the Jeon-Buk Regions of Korea. Soil samples near industrial complexes in 2017 were collected at two depths (0 - 15 and 15 - 30 cm) within a 500- and 1000-meter radius before planting. Eight heavy metals (Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), Cupper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg) and zinc (Zn)) and the pollution index (PI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo) and soil pollution index (SPI) were evaluated based on soil contamination warning standard (SCWS). Overall, the heavy metal concentrations were below the SCWS. The PI ranged from 0.1 to 0.9 and categorized into Group 1 which is not polluted with any heavy metals. The average Igeo values of all the soil samples ranged from - 2.56 to 3.22. The Igeo values of Cd and Hg may not represent well the pollution index because the heavy metal concentrations in the soil is lower compared to the SCWS. In fact, based on the heavy metal concentrations, the Igeo for monitored soils should be categorized into Group 1, uncontaminated to moderately contaminated. However, the Igeo of Cd and Hg are classified into heavily contaminated. These results suggest that for calculating the Igeo, the heavy metal concentration and background concentration should be used very carefully if the heavy metal concentration in the soil is lower than the background concentration. SPI for all the soil samples ranged from 0.00 to 0.11 which indicates no heavy metal pollution was observed.
Sorakon Suwanmanon,Ki In Kim 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.54 No.4
Evaluating soil erosion becomes critical because of climate changes, sporadic and localized raining events over years in Korea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the amount of soil erosion and to calculate C factor under different crop management system. Six lysimeters were installed with 13% slope at Muan, Jeon-Nam, Korea. Four crops, onion, sesame, garlic, and sweet potatoes were grown consecutively. Treatments were with and without mulching for onion, and with and without mulching and control (no crop) for the others. All crops grew better under mulching than non-mulching treatments. The amount of eroded soil under mulching treatment reduced 2,280, 8,076, 2,337, 2,262.9 kg ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for onion, sesame, garlic, and sweet potatoes, respectively compared to under non-mulching treatment. Losses in soil and nutrient are the main reasons of economic disadvantage. Economic loss due to soil loss was 45,610 won ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for onion, 161,520 won ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for sesame, and 46,740 won ha<SUP>-1</SUP> for garlic if estimated soil value was 20,000 won ton<SUP>-1</SUP>. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) from runoff water was less observed under mulching treatments compared to non-mulching treatments. Overall, the contribution of economic loss for onion without mulching was 30% from soil loss and 70% from nutrient, while its loss with mulching was 42% from soil loss and 58% from nutrient. The contribution of economic loss for sesame without mulching was 90% from soil loss and 10% from nutrient, while its loss with mulching was 94% from soil loss and 6% from nutrient. For sesame current C factor without mulching was 0.34, while calculated C factor for sesame under mulching was 0.25. These results indicate that the amount of soil erosion and nutrient loss can be decreased under different crop management system. Especially, covering crops, such as mulching is important to reduce the amount of soil erosion if more frequent unexpected climate change events happen.
Heavy Metals Pollution of Agricultural Soils near Industrial Complexes in Jeon-Nam Regions of Korea
Sorakon Suwanmanon,김기인 한국토양비료학회 2022 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.55 No.4
Monitoring heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils near industrial area is very important due to foodsafety. The aim of this study was to assess the heavy metal concentrations, pollution index (PI), and pollutionload index (PLI) in agricultural soils close to industrial complexes in Jeon-Nam province. Fifteen industrialcomplexes in Jeon-Nam province were selected (Yeongam, Muan, Yeonggwang, Hampyeong, Gangjin, Wando,Haenam, Jindo, Jangseong, Damyang, Boseong, Goheung, Hwasun, Gokseong, and Gurye). Five agriculturalfields each were selected at each industrial complex within 500 meter and 1,000 meter radius at each industrialcomplexe boundaries, respectively. Two depth of soil samples (0 - 15 cm depth for top soil and 15 - 30 cmdepth for sub soil) were collected in spring of 2020 before planting. Soil samples were analyzed for sevenheavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), andzinc (Zn). Heavy metal concentrations for both top and sub soil ranged from 1.7 to 8.6 mg kg-1 for As, from 0.3to 0.9 mg kg-1 for Cd, from 13.3 to 67.8 mg kg-1 for Cr, from 8.9 to 20.7 mg kg-1 for Cu, from 7.0 to 28.1 mgkg-1 for Ni, from 7.0 to 31.8 mg kg-1 for Pb, from 62.6 to 143.9 mg kg-1 for Zn. Heavy metal concentrations instudied soils were not higher than the levels of Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS). Pollutionindex (PI) and pollution load index (PLI) values of all seven heavy metals including As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb,and Zn ranged from 0.1 to 0.7 for PI and from 0.14 to 0.30 for PLI. Both values were less than 1. Therefore,these soils are classified uncontaminated for PI and unpolluted for PLI. Overall, all soil samples did notexceed the level limits of Soil Environment Conservation Law (SECL).
Sorakon Suwanmanon,Ki In Kim 한국토양비료학회 2021 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.54 No.3
Monitoring heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils close to industrial complexes plays a critical role in ascertaining the safe agricultural environment in Korea and its product qualities. Objective of this study was to assess the heavy metal concentrations in agricultural soils close to industrial complexes. Fifteen industrial complexes in 7 counties in Jeon-Buk Province (Gochang, Iksan, Jeongeup, Gimje, Imsil, Jangsu, and Wanju) were selected for monitoring soil heavy metal concentrations in 2019. The soil samples were analyzed for 7 heavy metals, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) within 500 meter and 1,000 meter radius at each industrial complex boundaries. Heavy metal concentrations in soils ranged from 0.3 to 8.0 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for As, from 0.2 to 1.5 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for Cd, from 1.7 to 62.9 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for Cr, from 1.4 to 22.5 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for Ni, from 4.1 to 26.0 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for Pb, from 0.0 to 1.4 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for Hg, and from 25.9 to 283.5 mg kg<SUP>-1</SUP> for Zn. Heavy metal concentrations in soils were lower than the levels of Soil Contamination Warning Standard (SCWS). The pollution index (PI) values of all seven heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) ranged from 0.1 to 0.4 for top and sub soils indicating that these soils are not polluted. The pollution load index (PLI) values using 7 heavy metals at each county ranged from 0.10 to 0.24 for top and sub soils and the number was categorized into Group 2 which is unpolluted. These results suggested that monitored agricultural soils near industrial complexes in Jeon-Buk province in 2019 were unpolluted by heavy metals and safe for agricultural activities.