종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 비판적 고찰

박성주 ( Park¸ Sungjoo ) 한국체육학회 2021 한국체육학회지 Vol.60 No.2

이 논문의 목적은 종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 근거가 과연 정당한 것인지 비판적으로 검토하는 데 있다. 이러한 목적을 위해, 먼저 일반적인 폭력의 개념과 스포츠 속 폭력 개념의 차이를 파악해보고, 스포츠 속 폭력의 정당화에 관한 주요 이론과 쟁점을 고찰하였다. 다음으로 종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 스포츠철학자들의 주요 문헌들을 고찰함으로써 옹호하는 입장과 비판하는 입장의 바탕이 되는 가치이론이 무엇인지에 대해 살펴보았다. 끝으로 종합격투기는 본질적으로 부도덕하다는 Dixon의 주장들의 타당성 여부를 비평하고 그 근거의 논리적 문제점을 지적하였다. 종합격투기의 윤리적 평가에 관한 핵심은 의도를 가지고 상대를 다치게 하려는 종합격투기 선수들의 행동이 필연적으로 인간의 존엄성을 침범하는가, 아니면 상대를 목적으로 존중하는 것과 양립 가능한 맥락이 존재하는가이다. 본고는 종합격투기 선수들의 자발적 동의에 의한 태도와 행동은 서로를 목적으로 존중하는 것과 일치하기에 도덕적으로 허용 가능함을 주장하였다. The purpose of this paper is to critically examine whether the basis for the ethical evaluation of mixed martial arts is justified. For this purpose, the difference between the concept of violence in general and the concept of violence in sport was examined, and the main theories and issues on the justification of violence in sports were reviewed. Next, by examining literature by sport philosophers on the ethical evaluation of mixed martial arts, the value theory underpinning each position that supports or criticizes mixed martial arts was reviewed. Finally, the validity of Dixon’s argument that mixed martial arts are inherently immoral, along with the logical problem of Dixon’s basis, was pointed out. The key to the ethical evaluation of mixed martial arts is whether the intentional and injurious action inevitably violates human dignity, or whether there is a context where such action can be compatible with respecting one’s opponent as an end. This paper argues that the attitude and behaviors of mixed martial arts athletes founded upon voluntary consent are morally acceptable because they are consistent with respecting each other as an end.

Wide-Range Controllable n-Doping of Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS₂) through Thermal and Optical Activation

Park, Hyung-Youl,Lim, Myung-Hoon,Jeon, Jeaho,Yoo, Gwangwe,Kang, Dong-Ho,Jang, Sung Kyu,Jeon, Min Hwan,Lee, Youngbin,Cho, Jeong Ho,Yeom, Geun Young,Jung, Woo-Shik,Lee, Jaeho,Park, Seongjun,Lee, Sungjoo American Chemical Society 2015 ACS NANO Vol.9 No.3

<P>Despite growing interest in doping two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) for future layered semiconductor devices, controllability is currently limited to only heavy doping (degenerate regime). This causes 2D materials to act as metallic layers, and an ion implantation technique with precise doping controllability is not available for these materials (<I>e</I>.<I>g</I>., MoS<SUB>2</SUB>, MoSe<SUB>2</SUB>, WS<SUB>2</SUB>, WSe<SUB>2</SUB>, graphene). Since adjustment of the electrical and optical properties of 2D materials is possible within a light (nondegenerate) doping regime, a wide-range doping capability including nondegenerate and degenerate regimes is a critical aspect of the design and fabrication of 2D TMD-based electronic and optoelectronic devices. Here, we demonstrate a wide-range controllable n-doping method on a 2D TMD material (exfoliated trilayer and bulk MoS<SUB>2</SUB>) with the assistance of a phosphorus silicate glass (PSG) insulating layer, which has the broadest doping range among the results reported to date (between 3.6 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> and 8.3 × 10<SUP>12</SUP> cm<SUP><B>-</B>2</SUP>) and is also applicable to other 2D semiconductors. This is achieved through (1) a three-step process consisting of, first, dopant out-diffusion between 700 and 900 °C, second, thermal activation at 500 °C, and, third, optical activation above 5 μW steps and (2) weight percentage adjustment of P atoms in PSG (2 and 5 wt %). We anticipate our widely controllable n-doping method to be a starting point for the successful integration of future layered semiconductor devices.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2015/ancac3.2015.9.issue-3/acsnano.5b00153/production/images/medium/nn-2015-00153b_0008.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn5b00153'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

n- and p-Type Doping Phenomenon by Artificial DNA and M-DNA on Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

Park, Hyung-Youl,Dugasani, Sreekantha Reddy,Kang, Dong-Ho,Jeon, Jeaho,Jang, Sung Kyu,Lee, Sungjoo,Roh, Yonghan,Park, Sung Ha,Park, Jin-Hong American Chemical Society 2014 ACS NANO Vol.8 No.11

<P>Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanotechnology holds great potential for the development of extremely small devices with increasingly complex functionality. However, most current research related to DNA is limited to crystal growth and synthesis. In addition, since controllable doping methods like ion implantation can cause fatal crystal damage to 2D TMD materials, it is very hard to achieve a low-level doping concentration (nondegenerate regime) on TMD in the present state of technology. Here, we report a nondegenerate doping phenomenon for TMD materials (MoS<SUB>2</SUB> and WSe<SUB>2</SUB>, which represent n- and p-channel materials, respectively) using DNA and slightly modified DNA by metal ions (Zn<SUP>2+</SUP>, Ni<SUP>2+</SUP>, Co<SUP>2+</SUP>, and Cu<SUP>2+</SUP>), named as M-DNA. This study is an example of interdisciplinary convergence research between DNA nanotechnology and TMD-based 2D device technology. The phosphate backbone (PO<SUB>4</SUB><SUP>–</SUP>) in DNA attracts and holds hole carriers in the TMD region, n-doping the TMD films. Conversely, M-DNA nanostructures, which are functionalized by intercalating metal ions, have positive dipole moments and consequently reduce the electron carrier density of TMD materials, resulting in p-doping phenomenon. N-doping by DNA occurs at ∼6.4 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on MoS<SUB>2</SUB> and ∼7.3 × 10<SUP>9</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on WSe<SUB>2</SUB>, which is uniform across the TMD area. p-Doping which is uniformly achieved by M-DNA occurs between 2.3 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> and 5.5 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on MoS<SUB>2</SUB> and between 2.4 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> and 5.0 × 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>–2</SUP> on WSe<SUB>2</SUB>. These doping levels are in the nondegenerate regime, allowing for the proper design of performance parameters of TMD-based electronic and optoelectronic devices (<I>V</I><SUB>TH</SUB>, on-/off-currents, field-effect mobility, photoresponsivity, and detectivity). In addition, by controlling the metal ions used, the p-doping level of TMD materials, which also influences their performance parameters, can be controlled. This interdisciplinary convergence research will allow for the successful integration of future layered semiconductor devices requiring extremely small and very complicated structures.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/ancac3/2014/ancac3.2014.8.issue-11/nn5048712/production/images/medium/nn-2014-048712_0007.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nn5048712'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

Expression of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Human Atherosclerotic Plaques and Increased Plasma Level of Heat Shock Protein 27 in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome

Park, Haing Kee,Park, Eui-Chul,Bae, Sung Won,Park, Mi Young,Kim, Seon Woon,Yoo, Hwan Soo,Tudev, Munkhtsetseg,Ko, Young Hye,Choi, Yoon-Ho,Kim, Sungjoo,Kim, Dong-Ik,Kim, Young Wook,Lee, Byung Boong,Yoon American Heart Association 2006 Circulation Vol.114 No.9

<P>BACKGROUND: We intended to identify proteins that are differentially expressed in human atherosclerotic plaques. METHODS AND RESULTS: Comparative 2-dimensional electrophoretic analysis on carotid atherosclerotic endarterectomy specimens (n = 10) revealed that heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) expression was significantly increased in the nearby normal-appearing area compared with the plaque core area from the same vessel specimen, which was further confirmed by Western blot analysis. The Hsp27 expression in the adjacent normal-appearing vessel areas was much higher than that in nonatherosclerotic reference arteries. The phosphorylation of Hsp27 showed a gradation in the degree of phosphorylation: greatest in the reference arteries, intermediate in the adjacent normal-appearing area, and lowest in plaque core area. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the phosphorylation of Hsp27 of smooth muscle cells in the carotid endarterectomy specimens was decreased compared with that in the reference artery specimen. The mean plasma level of Hsp27 was significantly higher in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) (n = 27; 106.1 +/- 74.1 ng/mL) than in the normal reference subjects (n = 29; 45.8 +/- 29.5 ng/mL; P < 0.005). The plasma levels of Hsp27 were significantly correlated with those of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) (r = 0.422, P < 0.0005), with adjustment for ACS/reference status. CONCLUSIONS: In the atherosclerotic lesion, Hsp27 expression is increased in the normal-appearing vessel adjacent to atherosclerotic plaque, whereas levels in the plaque itself are significantly decreased. Both plaque and adjacent artery show decreased Hsp27 phosphorylation compared with reference vessel. In ACS, plasma Hsp27 and Hsp70 are increased, and levels of Hsp27 correlate with Hsp70, C-reactive protein, and CD40L levels.</P>

The Prevalence and Characteristics of Anemia after Intensive Care with a Restrictive Transfusion Strategy

Sungjoo Park(박성주),Chi-Min Park,Kyoung Won Yoon,Eunmi Gil,Keesang Yoo,Kyoung Jin Choi 대한외과학회 2021 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2021 No.5

Genetic Modification Technology and Issues of Sport Ethics

( Sungjoo Park ) 한국체육학회 2016 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine issues of sport ethics in relation to the development of genetic modification technology and to suggest solutions to the problems posed by gene doping. Method: First, this study reviews literature in the fields of genetic engineering, philosophy, and bioethics in order to analyze what it means to enhance human abilities. Then, I move on to clarify the notion of gene doping as an application of this gene modification technology in sport. I go on to investigate what eminent philosophers, bioethicists, and bioengineers have said of the relationship between gene modification technology and morality in the light of reinforcement, therapy, justice, and human dignity and autonomy. I then scrutinize whether the medical-ethical approach to gene modification technology, that is, ethical norms of contemporary medical fields, can be applied to the field of sport or, whether sport should be viewed as a special moral practice untied by medicine. Last, this study finds out questions gene modification technology causes to sport, so as to propose strategic/institutional solutions to prevent important sporting values from being undermined. Result: This study hopes to provide a theoretical frame through which to analyze prior studies on the relationship between gene modification technology and morality undertaken in the fields of philosophy, bioethics, and genetic engineering, and to clarify issues of sport ethics presented by this technology. This theoretical frame will help study not only (gene) doping but the analysis of ethical problems of triumphalism as well, which pervades sport today. The questions identified in this study can also be used to develop sport policies. That is, they will help the government and sport institutions recognize future sporting problems and try to resolve them. Conclusion: The focus of this study lies on revealing what’s behind cons and pros of gene modification technology applied to sport. That is to say, this study examines the opposite views on the use of gene modification technology, why they clash with each other, why they reach different value judgments, what theory underpins such judgment. The discussion on these ethical issues should come first in order to discern sporting problems caused by gene doping and seek for preventive measures.

Safety and Efficacy of Laparoscopy-assisted Percutaneous Gastrostomy in Infants and Small Children Weighing less than 5kg

Sungjoo Park,Jeong-Meen Seo,Min-Jung Bang,Won Tae Kim,Sanghoon Lee 대한외과학회 2022 대한외과학회 학술대회 초록집 Vol.2022 No.11

사용자 정보 기반 타겟팅 광고 콘텐츠 추천 엔진의 설계 및 구현

박성주(Park, Sungjoo),양창모(Yang, Chang-Mo),송재종(Chai-Jong Song) 한국방송·미디어공학회 2014 한국방송공학회 학술발표대회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

웹 기반 미디어 콘텐츠를 위한 맞춤형 데이터 서비스

박성주(Sungjoo Park),정광수(Kwangsue Chung) 한국정보과학회 2010 정보과학회 컴퓨팅의 실제 논문지 Vol.16 No.12

타겟팅 서비스는 다양한 미디어 서비스 환경에서 사용자 프로파일, 선호도 및 사용 내역 등을 기반으로 사용자의 취향에 가장 적합한 서비스를 추천 및 제공함으로써, 서비스의 만족도와 이용량을 향상시키는 주요한 응용서비스로서 주로 방송분야에서 연구되어 왔다. 타겟팅 서비스는 방송 콘텐츠에서 interstitial 콘텐츠로, 고정형 TV단말에서 모바일 단말로 서비스의 영역이 확대되고 있으며, 단순한 방송데이터에서 광고 데이터, 쿠폰 및 관련 미디어 콘텐츠 정보 등으로 데이터의 종류가 다양해지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 사용자 정보를 기반으로 기사, 광고 및 방송정보에 대한 타겟팅 데이터 서비스를 설계, 구현하고자 한다. 이를 위해 웹 기반의 미디어 콘텐츠에 적용할 수 있도록 사용자 프로파일, 선호도 및 사용 내역 정보를 기존 TV-Anytime Forum의 사용자 메타데이터 및 OpenSocial의 사용자 정보를 기반으로 새롭게 정의하였다. 또한, 사용자 정보와 콘텐츠 정보간 유사도 및 사용 내역을 기반으로 사용자 선호도 정보 및 행동 패턴 정보를 생성하여 타겟팅 데이터 서비스를 구현하였다. 성능평가를 통해서 제안하는 타겟팅 데이터 서비스 기술이 기존의 방송 서비스뿐만 아니라, 웹 기반의 미디어 콘텐츠에서도 적용 가능하다는 것을 확인하였다. As an useful application in broadcasting services, the targeting service has been mainly studied to improve the service satisfaction and user usage in various media service environments based on user profile, preferences, and usage history. Targeting service is expanding its domain from broadcasting contents to interstitial contents and from fixed TV devices to mobile devices. Service data also include advertisement data, coupon, and information about media contents as well as simple broadcasting data. In this paper, the targeting data service is designed and implemented on articles, advertisement and broadcasting information on the basis of the user information. To adapt this to web-based media contents, information on user profile, preferences, and usage history is newly defined on the basis of the user metadata developed in TV-Anytime Forum and the user information defined in OpenSocial. The targeting data service is implemented to generate user preferences information and usage history pattern based on the similarity among user preference, contents information, and usage history. Based on performance evaluation, we prove that the proposed targeting data service is effectively applicable to web-based media contents as well as broadcasting service.

콘텐츠 추천 엔진과 연동된 리치미디어 저작 플랫폼의 설계 및 구현

박성주(Sungjoo Park),신사임(Saim Shin) 한국정보과학회 2013 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.2013 No.6