Homeobox Transcription Factors Are Required for Conidiation and Appressorium Development in the Rice Blast Fungus <i>Magnaporthe oryzae</i>

Kim, Seryun,Park, Sook-Young,Kim, Kyoung Su,Rho, Hee-Sool,Chi, Myoung-Hwan,Choi, Jaehyuk,Park, Jongsun,Kong, Sunghyung,Park, Jaejin,Goh, Jaeduk,Lee, Yong-Hwan,Copenhaver, Gregory P. Public Library of Science 2009 PLoS genetics Vol.5 No.12

<▼1><P>The appropriate development of conidia and appressoria is critical in the disease cycle of many fungal pathogens, including <I>Magnaporthe oryzae</I>. A total of eight genes (<I>MoHOX1</I> to <I>MoHOX8</I>) encoding putative homeobox transcription factors (TFs) were identified from the <I>M. oryzae</I> genome. Knockout mutants for each <I>MoHOX</I> gene were obtained via homology-dependent gene replacement. Two mutants, <I>ΔMohox3</I> and <I>ΔMohox5</I>, exhibited no difference to wild-type in growth, conidiation, conidium size, conidial germination, appressorium formation, and pathogenicity. However, the <I>ΔMohox1</I> showed a dramatic reduction in hyphal growth and increase in melanin pigmentation, compared to those in wild-type. <I>ΔMohox4</I> and <I>ΔMohox6</I> showed significantly reduced conidium size and hyphal growth, respectively. <I>ΔMohox8</I> formed normal appressoria, but failed in pathogenicity, probably due to defects in the development of penetration peg and invasive growth. It is most notable that asexual reproduction was completely abolished in <I>ΔMohox2</I>, in which no conidia formed. <I>ΔMohox2</I> was still pathogenic through hypha-driven appressoria in a manner similar to that of the wild-type. However, <I>ΔMohox7</I> was unable to form appressoria either on conidial germ tubes, or at hyphal tips, being non-pathogenic. These factors indicate that <I>M. oryzae</I> is able to cause foliar disease via hyphal appressorium-mediated penetration, and <I>MoHOX7</I> is mutually required to drive appressorium formation from hyphae and germ tubes. Transcriptional analyses suggest that the functioning of <I>M. oryzae</I> homeobox TFs is mediated through the regulation of gene expression and is affected by cAMP and Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> signaling and/or MAPK pathways. The divergent roles of this gene set may help reveal how the genome and regulatory pathways evolved within the rice blast pathogen and close relatives.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to cause disease. <I>Magnaporthe oryzae</I> is the fungal phytopathogen that causes rice blast and is considered an important model for understanding mechanisms in fungal development and pathogenicity. Asexual reproduction and infection-related development play key roles in <I>M. oryzae</I> disease development. The conidium of <I>M. oryzae</I> differentiates a specialized structure, an appressorium. The appressorium generates turgor pressure that allows penetration through the mechanical rupture of host cuticle layers. After colonizing host cells, the fungus produces massive conidia via conidiogenesis, serving as secondary propagules for the polycyclic disease. To elucidate molecular mechanisms in asexual reproduction and appressorium-mediated disease development, we identified eight homeobox transcription factors through a genome-wide <I>in silico</I> analysis. Characterization using deletion mutants revealed that each homeobox TF functions as a stage-specific regulator for conidial shape, hyphal growth, conidiation, appressorium development, and invasive growth during <I>M. oryzae</I> development. Notably, conidiation and appressorium development were entirely abolished in <I>ΔMohox2</I> and <I>ΔMohox7</I>, respectively. This study also provides evidence that <I>M. oryzae</I> is able to cause rice blast by means of hypha-driven appressoria upon responses to host signaling factors. This study will aid in the understanding of regulatory networks associated with fungal development and pathogenicity.</P></▼2>

FTFD: an informatics pipeline supporting phylogenomic analysis of fungal transcription factors.

Park, Jongsun,Park, Jaejin,Jang, Suwang,Kim, Seryun,Kong, Sunghyung,Choi, Jaeyoung,Ahn, Kyohun,Kim, Juhyeon,Lee, Seungmin,Kim, Sunggon,Park, Bongsoo,Jung, Kyongyong,Kim, Soonok,Kang, Seogchan,Lee, Yon Oxford University Press 2008 Bioinformatics Vol.24 No.7

<P>Genomes of more than 60 fungal species have been sequenced to date, yet there has been no systematic approach to analyze fungal transcription factors (TFs) kingdom widely. We developed a standardized pipeline for annotating TFs in fungal genomes. Resulting data have been archived in a new database termed the Fungal Transcription Factor Database (FTFD). In FTFD, 31,832 putative fungal TFs, identified from 62 fungal and 3 Oomycete species, were classified into 61 families and phylogenetically analyzed. The FTFD will serve as a community resource supporting comparative analyses of the distribution and domain structure of TFs within and across species.</P>

Global Expression Profiling of Transcription Factor Genes Provides New Insights into Pathogenicity and Stress Responses in the Rice Blast Fungus

Park, Sook-Young,Choi, Jaeyoung,Lim, Se-Eun,Lee, Gir-Won,Park, Jongsun,Kim, Yang,Kong, Sunghyung,Kim, Se Ryun,Rho, Hee-Sool,Jeon, Junhyun,Chi, Myung-Hwan,Kim, Soonok,Khang, Chang Hyun,Kang, Seogchan,L Public Library of Science 2013 PLoS pathogens Vol.9 No.6

<▼1><P>Because most efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms underpinning fungal pathogenicity have focused on studying the function and role of individual genes, relatively little is known about how transcriptional machineries globally regulate and coordinate the expression of a large group of genes involved in pathogenesis. Using quantitative real-time PCR, we analyzed the expression patterns of 206 transcription factor (TF) genes in the rice blast fungus <I>Magnaporthe oryzae</I> under 32 conditions, including multiple infection-related developmental stages and various abiotic stresses. The resulting data, which are publicly available via an online platform, provided new insights into how these TFs are regulated and potentially work together to control cellular responses to a diverse array of stimuli. High degrees of differential TF expression were observed under the conditions tested. More than 50% of the 206 TF genes were up-regulated during conidiation and/or in conidia. Mutations in ten conidiation-specific TF genes caused defects in conidiation. Expression patterns <I>in planta</I> were similar to those under oxidative stress conditions. Mutants of <I>in planta</I> inducible genes not only exhibited sensitive to oxidative stress but also failed to infect rice. These experimental validations clearly demonstrated the value of TF expression patterns in predicting the function of individual TF genes. The regulatory network of TF genes revealed by this study provides a solid foundation for elucidating how <I>M. oryzae</I> regulates its pathogenesis, development, and stress responses.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Rice blast disease, caused by <I>Magnaporthe oryzae</I>, destroys rice crop enough to feed 60 million people every year and has served as a model pathosystem for understanding host-parasite interactions. However, little is known about how <I>M. oryzae</I> globally regulates and coordinates its gene expression at the whole-genome scale. We analyzed the expression patterns of 206 <I>M. oryzae</I> genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) under 32 conditions, including infection-related developmental stages and various abiotic stresses, using quantitative real-time PCR. We focused on identifying the TF genes that are induced during the two most important infection-related morphogenetic changes; conidiation and infectious growth in rice. We identified 57 conidiation-specific TF genes and functionally characterized ten of them. Our data also showed that infectious growth <I>in planta</I> and oxidative stress responses <I>in vitro</I> involve largely overlapping groups of TFs. Comprehensive TF expression data and functional validation provided new insights into the regulatory mechanism underpinning pathogenicity and stress responses in <I>M. oryzae</I>. These data will also serve as a guide in studying the role of individual TF genes and the coordination of their expression in controlling development, pathogenicity, and abiotic stress responses in <I>M. oryzae</I>.</P></▼2>

에.테.아. 호프만의『스퀴데리양』에 나타난 예술의 개념과 사회 비판

김선형 慶南大學校 人文科學硏究所 1994 人文論叢 Vol.6 No.-

페터 한트케의 소설『긴 이별에 짧은 편지 Der kurze Brief zum langen Abschied』에 나타난 정체성의 위기와 자아의 발견

김선형 경남대학교 경남지역문제연구원 2003 경남지역연구 Vol.9 No.-

3차원 형상 모델(STL)에서의 워터마킹

김기석,안덕상,김선형,천인국 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 2002 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.8 No.1

This paper discusses techniques of embedding data into 3D polygonal models of geometry. Many researches of Watermarking have been done as element technology of DRM(digital rights management) and are limited to text document, 2D image, animation, music etc. But, few researches have been done on 3D polygonal model. this paper proposes a method that insers watermark in STL(standard transfer language)file. The proposed algorithm insers multi-bit watermark information into the surface normal vector of STL file without distorting the original 3D geometric information. And also it does not produce some flexure of 3D shape and fulfills the invisibility of watermark. Experiment results, that insert and extract watermark in normal vector region of 3D polygonal data by proposed algorithm, do not distort the original 3D shape and show that successful insertion and extraction operation of watermark are possible.

보육시설 활동복에 대한 어머니들의 태도 연구

김수경,최선영 가톨릭대학교 생활과학연구소 1999 생활과학연구논집 Vol.19 No.1

The purpose of this study is to investigate the design elements to design functional and creative clothing for preschool children emphasizing the physical, psychological and aesthetic developments. Data were collected from 262 mothers of 2∼7 aged children, residing Pucheon and Seoul. The results of empirical studies were summarized as follows: 1) The clothing aspects considered important by mothers, in order of freqency, were: utility, price, child's attitude, comfort, symbolic, brand, fashionability, design. 2) Children's mothers considered more important, easiness for the child to put on and take off, the amount of clothing necessary for comfortable temperature, comfort of clothing rather than design and fashionability for children's kindergarten life. Mothers seem satisfactory about children's uniform at kindergarten. 3) Preschool children like some aspects of clothing. These were, in order of importance, were: color, activity, cartoon character, texture, prettiness, decoration detail

간접골성 고정원을 이용한 상악 구치부 원심이동 장치 종류에 따른 치아 이동 양상 평가

김수진,전윤식,정상혁,박선형 대한치과교정학회 2008 대한치과교정학회지 Vol.38 No.6

본 연구의 목적은 pendulum 장치, 미니임플란트를 동반한 pendulum장치(펜듈럼), 오픈코일 스프링 및 미니임플란트를 동반한 오픈코일 스프링 이용 시 각각의 치아이동 양상을 3차원적으로 분석하는 데 있었다. 상악 좌측 치조골 및 치아 모형을 제작하고, Calorific machine을 이용하여 모형상에서 대구치를 3 mm 원심이동시켰다. 실험은 5회씩반복 실시하였다. 모델을 전산화 단층 촬영한 후 V-Works를 이용하여 3차원 모델을 제작하였다. Rapidform상에서 3차원적으로 이동방향과 이동량을 계측하였고, 각각의 장치에 관한 통계적 유의성을 검정하였다. 교정용 미니임플란트를 간접 골성 고정원으로 이용하여 오픈코일 스프링으로 구치부를 원심으로 이동시켰을 때가 치체이동에 가장 가까운 이동양상을 보였고, 고정원 소실도 적게 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 오픈코일 스프링, 펜듈럼 장치 모두 미니임플란트를 부가적으로 이용했을 때 고정원 소실량이 적었다 (p < 0.05). 미니임플란트를 이용하지 않은 경우에는 두 장치의 고정원 소실량이 비슷하였다. 미니임플란트의 이용 여부와 관계없이 펜듈럼 장치로 상악 구치 원심 이동 시 오픈코일 스프링에 비해 제1대구치가 조절성 경사이동 양상으로 이동되었고 (p < 0.05), 제2대구치는 비조절성 경사이동 양상을 보였으며, 치관의 협측경사이동이 일어났다 (p < 0.05). 이와 같은 결과를 근거로 간접 골성 고정원을 이용한 오픈코일 스프링이 상악 구치의 원심 치체이동에 가장 효과적인 장치였으며, 펜듈럼 장치를 이용한 구치부 원심이동 시에는 추가적인 조절이 필요하다고 할 수 있다. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the three dimensional changes of tooth movement using four different types of maxillary molar distalization appliances; pendulum appliance (PD), mini-implant supported pendulum appliance (MPD), stainless steel open coil spring (SP) and mini-implant supported stainless steel open coil spring (MSP). Methods: These experiments were performed using the Calorific machine which can simulate dynamic tooth movement. Computed tomography (CT) images of the experimental model were taken before and after tooth movement in 1 mm thicknesses and reconstructed into a three dimensional model using V-works 4.0. These reconstructed images were superimposed using Rapidform 2004 and the direction and amount of tooth movement were measured. Results: The mean reciprocal anchor loss ratio at the first premolar was 17 - 19% for the PD and SP groups. The appliances using mini-implants (MPD or MSP) resulted in less anchorage loss (7 - 8%). On application of a pendulum appliance or MPD, distalization was obtained by tipping rather than by bodily movement. Furthermore, the maxillary second molar tipped distally and bucally. But on application of MSP, distalization was achieved almost by bodily movement. Conclusions: Regarding tooth movement patterns during molar distalization, stainless steel open coil spring with indirect skeletal anchorage was relatively superior to other methods.

傳統織物의 染色과 色彩의 考察

金熙淑,秋善馨 혜전대학 1999 出版文化硏究所論文集 Vol.1 No.-

Various textiles had been made in Korea since ancient time. Initial types of textiles were the skin of animals and the rough wool. In the period of the Three States , the dyeing method and material were controlled by state. The dyeing methods mostly used at that time are printing, tie dyeing and addicted dyeing. It show that Textile colors and color names are variously used. In Chosun Dynasty, weaving method was developed to make a figured texture. The basic theory of traditional color use is based on Yin-Yang School. So, It is often appeared that Korean has a typical textile color in morden life.

괴테 작품 『파우스트 Ⅱ』속에 나타난 연금술과 신화적 개념

김선형 慶南大學校 人文科學硏究所 2002 人文論叢 Vol.15 No.-

Goethe hat in seiner 『Dichtung und Wahrheit』 geschrieben, daβ er mit Susanne von Klettenberg Bu¨cher u¨ber Alchemie, Mysthik und unter diesen auch die Kabbala, welche alle auf der neuplatonischen Philosophie beruhen, las. Goethe hat Eckermann erkla¨rt, daβ er Faust 50 Jahre lang im Kopf behalten hatte und die Prozesse der Faust-Entstehung mit einem alchemistischen Vergleich ausdru¨ckte. Die Alchemisten brauchten einen mysthischen Vergleich und mythologische Vorstellungen. In Faust hat Goethe mit den alchemisticschen Vorstellungen und der Mythologie, die fu¨r Goethe das Wesenhafte und das Wiederkehrende ist, die Weltallscho¨pfung und die Sehnsucht der Kunstscho¨pfung ausgedru¨ckt. In Faust sind die alchemistischen Begriffe, das Chaos, das Feuer, die Transmutation und die soror mystica beschrieben. Zuerst, im 「weitla¨ufige(n) Saal」 schlug der Herold Zoilo Thersites mit dem Stab. Dadurch wird er zum Ei. Das Ei ist in zwei zerbrochen worden und die Otter und Fledermaus sind daraus geschlu¨pft. In der Mythologie ist das Ei als der Grund des Kosmos angesehen. Dann, im 「weitla¨ufige(n) Saal」, haben die Gnomen Fan zum Vulkan gebracht. Fan hat Feuer gesehen und seinen Bart verbrannt. Aber Faust weiβ, daβ es nicht gefa¨hrlich ist und dass es, gleich wie im Auerbach-Keller das scho¨pferische Feuer ist. Drittens, im Laboratoium schaute Wagner die Piole und den Moment der chemischen Transmutation an. Die Transmutation ist die Entstehung des Ma¨nnleins. Zum Schluβ hat Goethe Manto, die im grichischen Mythos die Tochter des blinden Schers Thersias ist, zur Tochter des Arzgottes Asklepios verwandelt. Manto, die Tochter des Gottes hat die Fa¨higkeit, Faust zum Orkus zu bringen. Phitagoras hat von der Priesterin von Delphi eine Eingebung bekommen. Nach der alchemistischen Vorstellung ist soror mystica die weibliche Schutzgo¨ttin. In Faust hat Goethe mit den mythologischen Begriffen und Go¨ttern das Gesetz des Kosmos und des Menschen beschrieben. Im 「weitla¨ufige(n) Saal」tritt der Mummenschanz als die Erneuerung des Fru¨hlings auf. Ceres-Demeter, die als die Go¨ttin der Agrikultur die Auferstehung nach dem Tod erfuhr, ist in die eleusischen Mysterien der Grichen eingeweiht. Die Natur-Ordnung tritt in der Personifikation der Go¨ttin der Armut, des Schicksals und der Furien, auf. Der Dionysos ist als 'Trunkner' erschienen. Der 'Trunkne'im griechischen Mythos ist nicht nur Betrunkener, sondern der Ausdruck der Ekstase. Der Wagenlenker hat gru¨ne Zweige in der Hand, welche im griechischen Dionysos-Mythos die Myrthe sind. Mephiso hat das Gold zum Phallus geformt, davor fu¨tchten sich die Frauen flu¨chten. Diese Szene ist die eleusische Travestie. Der Phalluszug wird im dionysischen Fest als die Frucht zur Zeugung betrachtet. Faust muβ durch das Gebot der Ko¨nige, Paris und Hellena mitbringen. Mephisto hat Faust den Schlu¨ssel gegeben. Mephiso hat erkla¨rt, daβ Faust den Dreifuβ mit dem Schlu¨ssel im Lande der Mutter beru¨hrt und dadurch das Gebot der Ko¨nige lo¨sen kann. Der Dreifuβ, welcher im Tempel von Apollo in Delphi steht, besteht in der Mitte aus vier Dreiecken. Das Kreuz, das aus den vier Dreieck entsteht, ist fu¨r die Griechen das Symbol der Seele. Es ist als Rituall zu erkla¨ren, mit dem Schlu¨βel den Dreifuβ zu beru¨hren. Bevor Faust Hellena trifft, trifft er die griechischen Ungeheuer. Er ist mit ihnen auf einer Stufe gestanden, so daβ die Ha¨βlichkeit aus einer anderen Perspektive kennenlernt. In der klassischen Walpurgischen Nacht, ruft Anaxagoras die Mondgo¨ttinen, Diana, Luna und Hekate, welche das Symbol der magischen Gewalt sind, an. Homunklos wird von Wagner gemacht und repra¨sentiert Hermaprotitus Nach Goethe ist Homunklos das Produkt des Geistes. Goethe hat die Scho¨pfung der Erde mit Seismos erkla¨rt. Nach dem Erdbeben ist das Gold entstanden. Pigmalien, Ameisen sind die Sippen, die das Gold sammeln. Und die Ibykos-Kraniche erkla¨ren die allegorischen Ka¨mpfe zwischen Osiris und Horus im a¨ga¨ischen Festes werden die Kabire, Proteus und die Telchinen geweiht. Die Kabire ist die scho¨pferische und go¨ttliche Kraft, welche die Menschenwerdung herbeifu¨hrt. Der Proteus verwandelt sich sta¨ndig. Die Telchinen schaffen nach dem Angesicht Gottes die Menschen. Am Ende der klassischen Walpurgisnacht erscheint die Galeiteia mit den Tritonen und den Nereiden. In der Mitte sind die Eroten. Nach Rumpfs Interpretation sind auf dem antiken Sarkopfag die Tritonen, Nereiden und Poseidon zu sehen. Alle sind verbunden mit der Hochzeit, dem Tod und der Geburt, weil auf dem Sarkophag die Eroten als die Liebesgo¨tter und die Geburt der Galatea beschrieben sind. Dieses Fest ist das Grund-Element und das Symbol der Zeugung. Wie Jung aufzeigt, ist Goethes Faust ein Mysteriendrama mit der alchemistischen Vorstellungen und mythologischen Hintergru¨nden.