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Vitamin D Is Required for IFN- -Mediated Antimicrobial Activity of Human Macrophages
Fabri, M.,Stenger, S.,Shin, D.-M.,Yuk, J.-M.,Liu, P. T.,Realegeno, S.,Lee, H.-M.,Krutzik, S. R.,Schenk, M.,Sieling, P. A.,Teles, R.,Montoya, D.,Iyer, S. S.,Bruns, H.,Lewinsohn, D. M.,Hollis, B. W.,Hew American Association for the Advancement of Scienc 2011 Science translational medicine Vol.3 No.104
<P>Control of tuberculosis worldwide depends on our understanding of human immune mechanisms, which combat the infection. Acquired T cell responses are critical for host defense against microbial pathogens, yet the mechanisms by which they act in humans remain unclear. We report that T cells, by the release of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), induce autophagy, phagosomal maturation, the production of antimicrobial peptides such as cathelicidin, and antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human macrophages via a vitamin D-dependent pathway. IFN-γ induced the antimicrobial pathway in human macrophages cultured in vitamin D-sufficient sera, but not in sera from African-Americans that have lower amounts of vitamin D and who are more susceptible to tuberculosis. In vitro supplementation of vitamin D-deficient serum with 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 restored IFN-γ-induced antimicrobial peptide expression, autophagy, phagosome-lysosome fusion, and antimicrobial activity. These results suggest a mechanism in which vitamin D is required for acquired immunity to overcome the ability of intracellular pathogens to evade macrophage-mediated antimicrobial responses. The present findings underscore the importance of adequate amounts of vitamin D in all human populations for sustaining both innate and acquired immunity against infection.</P>
ADVANCES IN UNDERSTANDING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE WIND STRUCTURE CHANGES
Russell L. Elsberry,Robert A. Stenger 한국기상학회 2007 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2007 No.-
The focus in this paper is on the outer wind structure and structure changes in tropical cyclones. Deviations from traditional wind profiles with radius will occur when secondary eyewalls form, and a recent high-resolution numerical simulation by Terwey and Montgomery (2007) suggests large increases in the radius of 50 kt (R??) and 35 kt (R₃?) winds as a result of a secondary eyewall. Creation of the conditions for an annular hurricane would also imply a large increase in R?? and R₃?. A unique set of H*Wind analyses of the surface wind in the Atlantic during the 2003-2005 seasons is examined to evaluate outer wind structure (R₃₄ and R??) changes. Whereas a small set of H*Wind analyses during the formation stage has the expected increases in R₃₄ values, a considerable percentage of R₃₄ decreases occur during the intensification stages when only increases would be expected. Similarly, a considerable percentage of R₃₄ increases are observed during the decay phase when decreases would be expected, although a forecaster rule-of-thumb is that the tropical cyclone circulation expands during the decay stage. The conclusion is that further study is required to understand the outer wind structure changes during the life cycle of the tropical cyclone. individual storm evolutions using the H*Wind analyses are presently being studied.