Effect of Sun-Dried Raisins on Bile Acid Excretion, Intestinal Transit Time, and Fecal Weight: A Dose?Response Study

Gene A. Spiller,Monica Spiller,Jon A. Story,Tanya A. Lodics,Margaret Pollack,Sharon Monyan,Gail Butterfield 한국식품영양과학회 2003 Journal of medicinal food Vol.6 No.2

The effect of increasing doses of sun-dried raisins (SDR) on intestinal transit time (TT), fe-cal weight (FW), and fecal bile acids (FBA) was investigated in 16 healthy adults (6 men and10 women). In three cycles of 2 weeks each, subjects consumed 84, 126, or 168 g/day of SDR.Four-day fecal collections were performed during the second week of each cycle, and TT, FW,and FBA were measured. FW (mean 6 SEM), increased from 168 6 14 g/day without raisins(cycle 1), with a TT of 54 6 6 hours, to 20 6 24 g/day with 168 g/day raisins (cycle 4), with aTT of 42 6 6 hours. Intermediate increases in FW and decreases in TT were observed for cy-cles 2 and 3. A physiologically meaningful decrease in TT (less than 2 days), to 4 6 6 hours,was reached at cycle 2 (not statistically significant). FBA, a possible indicator of colon cancerrisk, showed a significant decrease, from 1.00 6 0.18 mg/g wet feces at baseline to 0.38 6 0.07mg/g in cycle 2 (P , .005), and remained low in cycles 3 and 4. Major decreases were observedin cycle 2 for fecal lithocholic (P , .02), deoxycholic (P , .002), chenodeoxycholic , and cholicacids, and their concentrations remained low in cycles 3 and 4. Two servings of raisins perday (84 g/day), a relatively small change in diet, can cause beneficial changes in colon func-tion and may decrease the risk for colon cancer.87

Management of Acute Anticonvulsant Overdose

Spiller, Henry A.,Bosse, George M. Medical Publications Korea 1997 Medical Progress Vol.19 No.1

Review : An Update on Post-infectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Role of Genetics, Immune Activation, Serotonin and Altered Microbiome

( Robin Spiller ),( Ching Lam ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2012 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.18 No.3

The literature on post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is reviewed with special emphasis on recent new data. Further accounts of this phenomenon continue to be reported following a range of infections including giardiasis as well as viral and bacterial gastroenteritis. Risk factors such as severity of initial illness, female gender together with adverse psychological factors have been confirmed. Recent evidence of a genetic predisposition needs replication. Animal studies suggest activation of mast cells and inflammation driven impairment of serotonin transporter may be important, which are findings supported by some recent human studies in IBS with diarrhoea. Experimentally induced inflammation leads to damage and remodelling of enteric nerves. Similar changes have been reported in IBS patients with increase in nerves expressing transient receptor potential cation channel V1. While changes in microbiota are very likely this area has yet to be explored using modern techniques. Since the prognosis is for slow improvement, treatments should currently target the key symptoms of diarrhoea and abdominal pain. Future therapies aimed at correcting underlying mechanisms including immune activation and serotonin excess are currently being explored and may provide better treatments in the future. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2012;18:258-268)

Precision Medicine and Cardiovascular Health: Insights from Mendelian Randomization Analyses

Wes Spiller,Keum Ji Jung,Ji Young Lee,지선하 대한심장학회 2020 Korean Circulation Journal Vol.50 No.2

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered a primary driver of global mortality and is estimated to be responsible for approximately 17.9 million deaths annually. Consequently, a substantial body of research related to CVD has developed, with an emphasis on identifying strategies for the prevention and effective treatment of CVD. In this review, we critically examine the existing CVD literature, and specifically highlight the contribution of Mendelian randomization analyses in CVD research. Throughout this review, we assess the extent to which research findings agree across a range of studies of differing design within a triangulation framework. If differing study designs are subject to non-overlapping sources of bias, consistent findings limit the extent to which results are merely an artefact of study design. Consequently, broad agreement across differing studies can be viewed as providing more robust causal evidence in contrast to limiting the scope of the review to a single specific study design. Utilising the triangulation approach, we highlight emerging patterns in research findings, and explore the potential of identified risk factors as targets for precision medicine and novel interventions.

Safety of an Astaxanthin-Rich Haematococcus pluvialis Algal Extract: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Gene A. Spiller,Antonella Dewell 한국식품영양과학회 2003 Journal of medicinal food Vol.6 No.1

A growing body of scientific literature indicates that astaxanthin is a more powerful antiox-idant than other carotenoids and vitamin E and may confer numerous health benefits. The

Factors Influencing the Preference for German farm Tourism: A Path Model Approach

Sidali, Katia Laura,Spiller, A. Korean Academy of Marketing Science 2008 마케팅과학연구 Vol.18 No.4

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli. H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience). H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism. H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destination of large-size families, with low-to-middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16: The higher the number of family members. H17: The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri-tourism has a positive influence toward information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money ($0.335^{{\ast}{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H7) experience ($0.267^{{\ast}{\ast}}$) (H3), exciting image ($0.204^{\ast}$) (H6) organisation ($-0.162^{\ast}$) (H11) and holiday abroad ($-0.156^{\ast}$) (H12). The variance explained ($R^2$) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (H21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stim

Factors Influencing the Preference for German Farm Tourism : A Path Model Approach

Sidali,Katia Laura . A. Spiller 한국마케팅과학회 2008 마케팅과학연구 Vol.18 No.4

This paper aims to analyse the preference for German Farm tourism among the German population. For this reason, we conducted an empirical study in Germany during summer 2007 and we applieda structural equation model based on partial leasts quares(PLS) to analyse the data. In the following chapters we will introduce the literature review and our conceptual frame work. We will then outline the procedures we adopted and the results of the empirical analysis. In the final part so me conclusions will be presented and a discussion will follow in order to draw the future directions of our research. According to our hypotheses, the possibility that agri- tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H1: The higher the information degree about it. H2: The lower the influence of the social stimuli H3: The higher the physical exposure to it (experience) H4: The higher the wellness image of agri-tourism. H5: The higher the traditional image of agri-tourism. H6: The higher the exciting image of agri-tourism H7: The higher the perceived value for money. Our further hypotheses affirm that the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked set of an individual is higher: H8: The lower the perceived risk. H9: The higher the motive to enjoy a holiday in the nature. H10: The higher the motive to enjoy a sport holiday. H11: The lower the motive to have an organized holiday. H12: The lower the motive to have a holiday abroad. H13: The lower the motive of action and night life. H14: The higher the motive to spend a holiday with the family. H15: The lower the motive to spend a city holiday. Finally, our model has some socio-demographics data. As we mentioned before, German agri-tourism has traditionally been the travel destinaiton of laarge-size families, with low-to middle income. For that reason, our final hypothesises are the following: the possibility that agri-tourism enters in the evoked-set of an individual is higher: H16 : The higher the number of family members. H17 : The lower the family income. Since in this study we use a path model with a PLS approach, we are able to state some interrelations among the exogenous latent variables: H18: The motive of sport holiday has a positive influence towards nature motives. H19: The physical exposition to agri- tourism has a positive influence towards information. H20: The motive of family holiday has a negative influence toward the motive of action and night life. H21: Social stimuli have a positive influence towards individuals risk perceptions. H22: Social stimuli have negative influence towards experience. Data for this study were gathered via administrated questionnaires during the summer 2007 within the frame of an academic "marketing research" course. The corresponding t-values are assessed using the bootstrapping method with 500 re-samples. In our model 61% of the degree of appreciation of German agri-tourism (evoked set) is explained by five independent variables: value for money (0.335 ✶✶✶) (H7) experience (0.267✶✶) (H3), exciting image (0.204✶) (H6) organization (-0.162✶) (H11) and holiday abroad (-0.156✶) (H12). The variance explained (R²) for the other endogenous variables are the following: nature 24.3%, information 14.1%, action holiday 13.8%, risk perception 5.8% and experience 2.4%. An overview can be inferred from table 5. The results also allow us to test each of the proposed hypotheses. With exception of organization and abroad, none of the others travel style factors (H9 to H15) seem to have any significant impact towards evoked set which leads to the rejection of the respective hypotheses. As expected, social stimuli have a significant influence on individuals' risk perception (J21 accepted), however neither the former nor the latter have a valuable impact on evoked set (rejection of H2 and H8). Besides, since the influence of social stimuli towards experience is 本文目的是研究德国人对德国农场旅游的偏好。我们在2007年夏天对德国人进行了研究。使用基于最小二乘法(PLS)的结构方程模型分数据。下面的章节中将进行文献综述, 提出概念模型, 分析过程和结果讨论、结论和未来研究方向。 根据假设, 农业旅游增张的可能性将随着以下因素的增长而提高: 假设1:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着息化程度的增长而提高。 假设2:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着社会刺激的影响的增长而提高。 假设3:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着体验的增长而提高。 假设4:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着农业旅游健康形象的增长而提高。 假设5:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着农业旅游传统形象的增长而提高。 假设6:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着农业旅游刺激形象的增长而提高。 假设7:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着感知经济价值的增长而提高。 进一步的假设是农业旅游增张的可能性将随着以下因素的降低而提高: 假设8:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着感知风险的降低而提高。 假设9:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着自然度假动机的降低而提高。 假设10:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着运动度假动机的降低而提高。 假设11:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着团体度假动机的降低而提高。 假设12:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着出国度假动机的降低而提高。 假设13:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着以娱乐和夜生活动机的降低而提高。 假设14:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着家庭度假的降低而提高。 假设15:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着城市度假动机的降低而提高。 模型中还有一些社会人口统计数据, 一直以来, 德国农业旅游被中低收入的大家庭作为旅游目的地, 因此我们假设: 假设16:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着家庭成员数量增多而提高。 假设17:农业旅游增张的可能性将随着家庭收入的降低而提高。 基于PLS的路径模型分析能显示外生潜变量之间的关系。 假设18:运动度假动机对自然度假动机有积极影响。 假设19:体验对信息有积极影响。 假设20:家庭度假动机对娱乐和夜生活动度假动机有消极影响。 假设21:社会刺激对个体风险感积有积极影响。 假设22:社会刺激对经历有积极影响。 我们在2007年夏天的营销研究科课堂上采用有监督的问卷搜集数据。用500个重复抽样的bootstrapping方法作t检验。61%的德国农业旅游影响因素被5个变量解释经济价值(0.335***)(H7)体验(0.267**)(H3),刺激形象(0.204)(H6)组织(-0.162*)(H11) and 出国度假(-0.156*)(H12). 其他内生变量的方差解释如下:自然24.3%, 信息 14.1%, 娱乐度假 13.8%, 风险感知 5.8%和体验 2.4%。 除了团体和出国, 没有其他旅游方式因子对拒绝假设有显著影响, 社会刺激对个体风险感知有显著影响, 但H2和H8被拒绝。除此之外社会

Loss-resilient photonic entanglement swapping using optical hybrid states

Lim, Youngrong,Joo, Jaewoo,Spiller, Timothy P.,Jeong, Hyunseok American Physical Society 2016 Physical Review A Vol.94 No.6

<P>We propose a scheme of loss-resilient entanglement swapping between two distant parties via an imperfect optical channel. In this scheme, two copies of hybrid entangled states are prepared and the continuous-variable parts propagate through lossy media. In order to perform successful entanglement swapping, several different measurement schemes are considered for the continuous-variable parts such as single-photon detection for ideal cases and a homodyne detection for practical cases. We find that the entanglement swapping using hybrid states with small amplitudes offers larger entanglement than the discrete-variable entanglement swapping in the presence of large losses. Remarkably, this hybrid scheme still offers excellent robustness of entanglement to the detection inefficiency. Thus, the proposed scheme could be used for the practical quantum key distribution in hybrid optical states under photon losses.</P>

COMBINING ONE-TO-ONE MARKETING AND HIGH-END LUXURY: THEORY-BUILDING FROM CUSTOMIZED LUXURY SADDLES FOR CHINESE HORSE RIDERS

Laura Helena Hartmann,Achim Spiller 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.4

Recently, luxury markets have been flourishing in East Asian and Western cultures.. At the same time, there is a shift from consumption motives like prestige and conspicuousness towards hedonism, experience and individualization. Based on the demand for appropriate marketing strategies, we develop a framework which links one-to-one marketing to luxury.

COMBINING ONE-TO-ONE MARKETING AND HIGH-END LUXURY: THEORY-BUILDING FROM CUSTOMIZED LUXURY SADDLES FOR CHINESE HORSE RIDERS

Laura Helena Hartmann,Achim Spiller 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

Recently, luxury markets have been flourishing in East Asian and Western cultures.. At the same time, there is a shift from consumption motives like prestige and conspicuousness towards hedonism, experience and individualization. Based on the demand for appropriate marketing strategies, we develop a framework which links one-to-one marketing to luxury.