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TLB Index-Based Tagging for Reducing Data Cache and TLB Energy Consumption
Kim, Jesung,Lee, Jongmin,Kim, Soontae IEEE 2017 IEEE Transactions on Computers Vol. No.
<P>Conventional cache tag matching identifies the requested data based on a memory address. However, this address-based tag matching is inefficient because it requires unnecessarily many tag bits. Previous studies show that translation look-aside buffer (TLB) index-based tagging (TLBIT) can be adopted in instruction caches because there are not many different tags at a given moment due to spatial locality, and those tags can be captured by TLBs. For the TLBIT scheme, extra TLB indices are added to each TLB entry and conventional cache tags are replaced with TLB indices to identify the requested data in the cache. TLBIT reduces the number of required tag bits in tag arrays; therefore, the cache energy consumption and area are decreased. In this paper, we show that naively adopting TLBIT for data caches is inefficient, in terms of performance and energy consumption, because of cache line searches and invalidations on TLB misses. To achieve the true potential of TLBIT, we propose four novel techniques: search zone, c-LRU, TLB buffer and demand address fetching. The search zone reduces unnecessary cache line searching and c-LRU reduces the cache line invalidations. The TLB buffer prevents immediate cache line invalidations on TLB misses. Furthermore, we present demand address fetching to reduce energy consumption in the TLB. From our experiments, we observed that the proposed techniques reduce the overall dynamic energy consumption of the data cache by 14.3 percent on average. The overall tag array area and leackage power of the data cache are also reduced by 54 and 45 percent, respectively. The TLB energy consumption is reduced by 22.7 percent. The performance impact is small, less than 0.4 percent on average. We also demonstrate that TLBIT can be applied to large caches, and set-associative TLBs.</P>
Kim, Paul Soontae 삼육대학교 신학연구소 2019 신학과 학문 Vol.26 No.-
This article aims to exegete ‘The abomination of desolation’ in Mark 13:14. According to different hermeneutical approaches, it is interpreted as the invasion of Roman army which destroyed the city and the temple in Jerusalem (preterist), as the end time Anti-Christ (futurist), and as the dual fulfillment of the invasion of Roman army and by the papacy (historicist). This study attempted to explore the original literary context of Dan 9:27; 11:31 and 12:11, which is quoted from. It concludes that because the prophetic times of Dan 7 and Dan 8 are combined in Daniel 12:11, the abomination of desolation of Mark 13:14 is dually applied to the army of the Roman Empire who destroyed the temple of Jerusalem and the papacy which is the end-time antichrist.
Write-Amount-Aware Management Policies for STT-RAM Caches
Kim, Hyeonggyu,Kim, Soontae,Lee, Jooheung IEEE 2017 IEEE transactions on very large scale integration Vol.25 No.4
<P>Spin-transfer torque random access memory (STT-RAM) technology has emerged as one of the most promising memory technologies owing to its nonvolatility, high density, and low-leakage power characteristics. However, STT-RAM has certain drawbacks such as high write energy consumption and limits to the number of write cycles. To enable the adoption of STT-RAM in the implementation of cache memories, new cache hierarchy management policies are required to overcome such drawbacks. In this brief, we evaluated several cache hierarchy management policies in the context of static random access memory L1 caches and an STT-RAM L2 cache. We found that a nonexclusive policy is superior to noninclusive and exclusive policies in terms of energy consumption and endurance. We also propose a sub-block-based management policy because the write energy consumption and endurance are proportional and inversely proportional to the amount of written data, respectively. A combination of the proposed policy with a nonexclusive policy reduces the L2 cache energy consumption by 33.3% (31.5%) and improves the lifetime by 56.3% (56.8%) in a single-core (quad-core) system.</P>
Kim, Hyun Cheol,Kim, Eunhye,Bae, Changhan,Cho, Jeong Hoon,Kim, Byeong-Uk,Kim, Soontae Copernicus GmbH 2017 Atmospheric chemistry and physics Vol.17 No.17
<P>Abstract. The impact of regional emissions (e.g., domestic and international) on surface particulate matter (PM) concentrations in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA), South Korea, and its sensitivities to meteorology and emissions inventories are quantitatively estimated for 2014 using regional air quality modeling systems. Located on the downwind side of strong sources of anthropogenic emissions, South Korea bears the full impact of the regional transport of pollutants and their precursors. However, the impact of foreign emissions sources has not yet been fully documented. We utilized two regional air quality simulation systems: (1) a Weather Research and Forecasting and Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) system and (2) a United Kingdom Met Office Unified Model and CMAQ system. The following combinations of emissions inventories are used: the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B, the Inter-comparison Study for Asia 2010, and the National Institute of Environment Research Clean Air Policy Support System. Partial contributions of domestic and foreign emissions are estimated using a brute force approach, adjusting South Korean emissions to 50 %. Results show that foreign emissions contributed ∼ 60 % of SMA surface PM concentration in 2014. Estimated contributions display clear seasonal variation, with foreign emissions having a higher impact during the cold season (fall to spring), reaching ∼ 70 % in March, and making lower contributions in the summer, ∼ 45 % in September. We also found that simulated surface PM concentration is sensitive to meteorology, but estimated contributions are mostly consistent. Regional contributions are also found to be sensitive to the choice of emissions inventories. </P>