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A Pilot Study Exploring the Effects of Reflexology on Cold Intolerance
Wenping Zhang,Shougo Takahashi,Takashi Miki,Hisayo Fujieda,Torao Ishida 사단법인약침학회 2010 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.3 No.1
Cold intolerance is an inability to tolerate cold temperatures and is accompanied by symptoms including headache, shoulder discomfort, dizziness and palpitations. The current study was performed to examine whether reflexology therapy affected cold intolerance in human subjects and whether the treatment was systemically effective. Ten female volunteer examinees with subjective feelings of cold were examined. After a 5-minute foot bath, 10 minutes of reflexology therapy was performed on their left foot. Skin temperature and blood flow were estimated before and after treatment, together with an interview concerning their feelings of cold and daily habits. In addition, how the recovery rate was affected by the application of a chilled-water load was also estimated. Along with significant increases in skin temperature and blood flow compared with pre-treatment at the bilateral points of KI-1, LR-3, and BL-60, a faster recovery after the application of the chilled-water load was also seen in the lower limbs on both sides. From these results, we conclude that reflexology has systemic effects and is an alternative method for treating cold intolerance.
Toshiaki Taniike,Shougo Takahashi,Toru Wada,Iku Kouzai,Minoru Terano 한국고분자학회 2010 Macromolecular Research Vol.18 No.9
The dispersion state of surface Ti species is one of the most important factors affecting the polymerization properties of MgCl2-supported heterogeneous Ziegler-Natta catalysts. In this paper, ethylene-propylene copolymerization was carried out using a novel Ziegler-Natta model catalyst with “isolated” and “clustered” TiCl3 molecules on MgCl2. At a lower ethylene/propylene feed ratio, the dispersion state of the Ti species strongly affected both the composition and sequence distribution of the copolymers. The “isolated” Ti species gave a relatively random copolymer, and clustering of Ti species enhanced the bulkiness. The addition of an external donor basically deteriorated the random copolymerization character of the “isolated Ti species but the degree of deterioration depended on the type of donors. On the other hand, the balance between the monomer feed and consumption dominated the copolymerization performance at a higher ethylene/propylene feed ratio to obscure the effects of the dispersion state.
Role of Dispersion State of Ti Species in Deactivation of MgCl2-Supported Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
Toshiaki Taniike,Toru Wada,Iku Kouzai,Shougo Takahashi,Minoru Terano 한국고분자학회 2010 Macromolecular Research Vol.18 No.9
The deactivation behaviors of TiCl3/MgCl2 model catalysts with molecularly dispersed TiCl3 were investigated to clarify the role of the dispersion state of the Ti species in the deactivation of MgCl2-supported Ziegler-Natta (ZN) catalysts for propylene and ethylene polymerization. The propylene and ethylene polymerization activities of clustered Ti species supported on MgCl2 were approximately one tenth of those of isolated Ti species, which is indicative of the significance of the aggregation of Ti species in the deactivation of ZN catalysts for olefin polymerization. Moreover, the time-course depression of monomer consumption for the clustered Ti species was slower than that for the isolated Ti species in propylene polymerization, whereas the dispersion state barely affected the depression rate in ethylene polymerization. The reduction rate of the Ti species was concluded to be important for the time-course depression of propylene consumption, whereas ethylene polymerization was insensitive to the oxidation state of the Ti species.