Testing of Poisson Incidence Rate Restriction

Singh, Karan,Shanmugam, Ramalingam The Korean Reliability Society 2001 International Journal of Reliability and Applicati Vol.2 No.4

Shanmugam(1991) generalized the Poisson distribution to capture a restriction on the incidence rate $\theta$ (i.e. $\theta$ < $\beta$, an unknown upper limit), and named it incidence rate restricted Poisson (IRRP) distribution. Using Neyman's C($\alpha$) concept, Shanmugam then devised a hypothesis testing procedure for $\beta$ when $\theta$ remains unknown nuisance parameter. Shanmugam's C ($\alpha$) based .results involve inverse moments which are not easy tools, This article presents an alternate testing procedure based on likelihood ratio concept. It turns out that likelihood ratio test statistic offers more power than the C($\alpha$) test statistic. Numerical examples are included.

A Characterization of Negative Binomial Distribution Truncated at Zero

Shanmugam, R. The Korean Statistical Society 1982 Journal of the Korean Statistical Society Vol.11 No.2

Analogous to Singh's (1978) characterization of positive-Poisson distributioin and Shanmugam and Singh's (1992) characterization of logarithmic series distribution, a characterization and its statistical application of the negative binomial distribution truncated at zero are given in this paper. While it is known that under certain conditions the negative binomial distribution truncted at zero approaches the positive-Poisson and the logarithmic series distributions, we show here that the results of this paper approach in limit the results of Singh, and Shanmugam and Singh, respectively. Using the biologicla data from Sampford (1955), we illusrate our results. Also, expressions are explicitly given to test the hypothesis whether a random sample is indeed from a geometric distribution.

The bounds of meta-analytics and an alternative method

Ramalingam Shanmugam(Ramalingam Shanmugam ),Mohammad Tabatabai(Mohammad Tabatabai ),Derek Wilus;Karan P. Singh(Derek Wilus;Karan P. Singh ) 한국역학회 2024 Epidemiology and Health Vol.46 No.-

Application of Multispectral Remotely Sensed Imagery for the Characterization of Complex Coastal Wetland Ecosystems of southern India: A Special~Methods

Shanmugam Sanjeevi,안유환,Palanisamy Shanmugam 대한원격탐사학회 2005 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

Application of Multispectral Remotely Sensed Imagery for the Characterization of Complex Coastal Wetland Ecosystems of southern India: A Special Emphasis on Comparing Soft and Hard Classification Methods

Shanmugam, Palanisamy,Ahn, Yu-Hwan,Sanjeevi , Shanmugam The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2005 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.21 No.3

This paper makes an effort to compare the recently evolved soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) with the traditional hard classification methods based on Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) and Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC) algorithms in order to achieve appropriate results for mapping, monitoring and preserving valuable coastal wetland ecosystems of southern India using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) 1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper image data. ISODATA and MLC methods were attempted on these satellite image data to produce maps of 5, 10, 15 and 20 wetland classes for each of three contrast coastal wetland sites, Pitchavaram, Vedaranniyam and Rameswaram. The accuracy of the derived classes was assessed with the simplest descriptive statistic technique called overall accuracy and a discrete multivariate technique called KAPPA accuracy. ISODATA classification resulted in maps with poor accuracy compared to MLC classification that produced maps with improved accuracy. However, there was a systematic decrease in overall accuracy and KAPPA accuracy, when more number of classes was derived from IRS-1C/1D and Landsat-5 TM imagery by ISODATA and MLC. There were two principal factors for the decreased classification accuracy, namely spectral overlapping/confusion and inadequate spatial resolution of the sensors. Compared to the former, the limited instantaneous field of view (IFOV) of these sensors caused occurrence of number of mixture pixels (mixels) in the image and its effect on the classification process was a major problem to deriving accurate wetland cover types, in spite of the increasing spatial resolution of new generation Earth Observation Sensors (EOS). In order to improve the classification accuracy, a soft classification method based on Linear Spectral Mixture Modeling (LSMM) was described to calculate the spectral mixture and classify IRS-1C/1D LISS-III and Landsat-5 TM Imagery. This method considered number of reflectance end-members that form the scene spectra, followed by the determination of their nature and finally the decomposition of the spectra into their endmembers. To evaluate the LSMM areal estimates, resulted fractional end-members were compared with normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), ground truth data, as well as those estimates derived from the traditional hard classifier (MLC). The findings revealed that NDVI values and vegetation fractions were positively correlated ($r^2$= 0.96, 0.95 and 0.92 for Rameswaram, Vedaranniyam and Pitchavaram respectively) and NDVI and soil fraction values were negatively correlated ($r^2$ =0.53, 0.39 and 0.13), indicating the reliability of the sub-pixel classification. Comparing with ground truth data, the precision of LSMM for deriving moisture fraction was 92% and 96% for soil fraction. The LSMM in general would seem well suited to locating small wetland habitats which occurred as sub-pixel inclusions, and to representing continuous gradations between different habitat types.

Integration of ERS-2 SAR and IRS-1 D LISS-III Image Data for Improved Coastal Wetland Mapping of southern India

Shanmugam, P.,Ahn, Yu-Hwan,Sanjeevi, S.,Manjunath, A.S. The Korean Society of Remote Sensing 2003 大韓遠隔探査學會誌 Vol.19 No.5

As the launches of a series of remote sensing satellites, there are various multiresolution and multi-spectral images available nowadays. This diversity in remotely sensed image data has created a need to be able to integrate data from different sources. The C-band imaging radar of ERS-2 due to its high sensitivity to coastal wetlands holds tremendous potential in mapping and monitoring coastal wetland features. This paper investigates the advantages of using ERS-2 SAR data combined with IRS-ID LISS-3 data for mapping complex coastal wetland features of Tamil Nadu, southern India. We present a methodology in this paper that highlights the mapping potential of different combinations of filtering and integration techniques. The methodology adopted here consists of three major steps as following: (i) speckle noise reduction by comparative performance of different filtering algorithms, (ii) geometric rectification and coregistration, and (iii) application of different integration techniques. The results obtained from the analysis of optical and microwave image data have proved their potential use in improving interpretability of different coastal wetland features of southern India. Based visual and statistical analyzes, this study suggests that brovey transform will perform well in terms of preserving spatial and spectral content of the original image data. It was also realized that speckle filtering is very important before fusing optical and microwave data for mapping coastal mangrove wetland ecosystem.

Constructing Fe₃O₄ @ (Co-Mo)S Heteronanoparticle stabilized by N doped Reduced Graphene oxide for Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction

( Shanmugam Ramakrishnan ),유동진 한국공업화학회 2020 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2020 No.-

The demand of energy storage and energy conversion technology becomes essential to develop highly efficient and cost-effective electrocatalyst. Hence urgent to explore electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water splitting and zinc-air battery applications. Herein, developed one-pot hydrothermal synthesis of Fe₃O₄ @ (Co-Mo)S nanostructure are stabilized by N-doped reduced graphene oxide (FCMS@NG). The resulted FCMS@NG nanostructures has been characterized various analytical techniques such X-ray diffraction analysis, Micro Raman analysis, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. More interestingly, FCMS@NG catalyst shows better OER activity with lower overpotential (230 mV) at 10 mA cm^-2 as compared to benchmark catalyst of RuO₂.

The Effect of 1-Furan-2-yl-3-pyridine-2-yl-propenone on Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Warfarin

Shanmugam, Srinivasan,Lee, Eung-Seok,Jeong, Tae-Cheon,Yong, Chul-Soon,Choi, Han-Gon,Woo, Jong-Soo,Yoo, Bong-Kyu 대한약학회 2007 Archives of Pharmacal Research Vol.30 No.7

1-Furan-2-yl-3-pyridine-2-yl-propenone (FPP-3) is an investigatory drug which has a dual inhibitory action on cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). We examined its effect on the pharmacokinetics of warfarin. Three consecutive days of pretreatment with 17 mg/kg of FPP-3 had no significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin when orally administered to rats. A higher dosage of FPP-3 however, did cause significant changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters of wafarin. The cytochrome P450 activity test demonstrated that the metabolism of R-warfarin was significantly inhibited by FPP-3 while there was little or no inhibition of the metabolism of S-warfarin, which is mainly responsible for its anticoagulant effect. Therefore, it appears that the alteration in the pharmacokinetic parameters of warfarin was due to the inhibitory effect of FPP-3 on the metabolism of R-warfarin. Although there was a significant increase in the plasma concentration, the area under the curve, half life of warfarin, and prothrombin time were not significantly changed. Based on these findings, the pharmacokinetic drug interaction between FPP-3 and warfarin mainly involves R-warfarin and, therefore, this interaction may not be of clinical significance in terms of warfarin-related toxicity.

Computer-Aided Drug Discovery in Plant Pathology

Shanmugam, Gnanendra,Jeon, Junhyun The Korean Society of Plant Pathology 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.6

Control of plant diseases is largely dependent on use of agrochemicals. However, there are widening gaps between our knowledge on plant diseases gained from genetic/mechanistic studies and rapid translation of the knowledge into target-oriented development of effective agrochemicals. Here we propose that the time is ripe for computer-aided drug discovery/design (CADD) in molecular plant pathology. CADD has played a pivotal role in development of medically important molecules over the last three decades. Now, explosive increase in information on genome sequences and three dimensional structures of biological molecules, in combination with advances in computational and informational technologies, opens up exciting possibilities for application of CADD in discovery and development of agrochemicals. In this review, we outline two categories of the drug discovery strategies: structure- and ligand-based CADD, and relevant computational approaches that are being employed in modern drug discovery. In order to help readers to dive into CADD, we explain concepts of homology modelling, molecular docking, virtual screening, and de novo ligand design in structure-based CADD, and pharmacophore modelling, ligand-based virtual screening, quantitative structure activity relationship modelling and de novo ligand design for ligand-based CADD. We also provide the important resources available to carry out CADD. Finally, we present a case study showing how CADD approach can be implemented in reality for identification of potent chemical compounds against the important plant pathogens, Pseudomonas syringae and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides.

ON SANDWICH THEOREMS FOR CERTAIN SUBCLASSES OF ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS INVOLVING CARLSON-SHAFFER OPERATOR

Shanmugam, Tirunelveli Nellaiappan,Srikandan, Sivasubramanian,Frasin, Basem Aref,Kavitha, Seetharaman Korean Mathematical Society 2008 대한수학회지 Vol.45 No.3

The purpose of this present paper is to derive some subordination and superordination results involving Carlson-Shaffer operator for certain normalized analytic functions in the open unit disk. Relevant connections of the results, which are presented in the paper, with various known results are also considered.