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Li, Shanlan,Kim, Jooil,Park, Sunyoung,Kim, Seung-Kyu,Park, Mi-Kyung,Mü,hle, Jens,Lee, Gangwoong,Lee, Meehye,Jo, Chun Ok,Kim, Kyung-Ryul American Chemical Society 2014 Environmental science & technology Vol.48 No.1
<P>The sources of halogenated compounds in East Asia associated with stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change are relatively poorly understood. High-precision in situ measurements of 18 halogenated compounds and carbonyl sulfide (COS) made at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, from November 2007 to December 2011 were analyzed by a positive matrix factorization (PMF). Seven major industrial sources were identified from the enhanced concentrations of halogenated compounds observed at Gosan and corresponding concentration-based source contributions were also suggested: primary aluminum production explaining 37% of total concentration enhancements, solvent usage of which source apportionment is 25%, fugitive emissions from HCFC/HFC production with 11%, refrigerant replacements (9%), semiconductor/electronics industry (9%), foam blowing agents (6%), and fumigation (3%). Statistical trajectory analysis was applied to specify the potential emission regions for seven sources using back trajectories. Primary aluminum production, solvent usage and fugitive emission sources were mainly contributed by China. Semiconductor/electronics sources were dominantly located in Korea. Refrigerant replacement, fumigation and foam blowing agent sources were spread throughout East Asian countries. The specified potential source regions are consistent with country-based consumptions and emission patterns, verifying the PMF analysis results. The industry-based emission sources of halogenated compounds identified in this study help improve our understanding of the East Asian countries’ industrial contributions to halogenated compound emissions.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/esthag/2014/esthag.2014.48.issue-1/es402776w/production/images/medium/es-2013-02776w_0003.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es402776w'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>
Emissions of Halogenated Compounds in East Asia Determined from Measurements at Jeju Island, Korea
Li, Shanlan,Kim, Jooil,Kim, Kyung-Ryul American Chemical Society 2011 Environmental science & technology Vol.45 No.13
<P>High-frequency in situ measurements at Gosan (Jeju Island, Korea) during November 2007 to December 2008 have been combined with interspecies correlation analysis to estimate national emissions of halogenated compounds (HCs) in East Asia, including the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF<SUB>6</SUB>), and other chlorinated and brominated compounds. Our results suggest that overall China is the dominant emitter of HCs in East Asia, however significant emissions are also found in South Korea, Japan and Taiwan for HFC-134a, HFC-143a, C<SUB>2</SUB>F<SUB>6</SUB>, SF<SUB>6</SUB>, CH<SUB>3</SUB>CCl<SUB>3</SUB>, and HFC-365mfc. The combined emissions of CFCs, halon-1211, HCFCs, HFCs, PFCs, and SF<SUB>6</SUB> from all four countries in 2008 are 25.3, 1.6, 135, 42.6, 3.6, and 2.0 kt/a, respectively. They account for approximately 15%, 26%, 29%, 16%, 32%, and 26.5% of global emissions, respectively. Our results show signs that Japan has successfully phased out CFCs and HCFCs in compliance with the Montreal Protocol (MP), Korea has started transitioning from HCFCs to HFCs, while China still significantly consumes HCFCs. Taiwan, while not directly regulated under the MP, is shown to have adapted the use of HFCs. Combined analysis of emission rates and the interspecies correlation matrix presented in this study proves to be a powerful tool for monitoring and diagnosing changes in consumption of HCs in East Asia.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/esthag/2010/esthag.2010.45.issue-13/es104124k/production/images/medium/es-2010-04124k_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/es104124k'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>