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低開發國의 國際收支改善에 관한 小考 : 우리나라의 國際收支 改善方向을 中心으로 Centred on a Way of International Balance in Our Country
沈相珍 건국대학교 1981 論文集 Vol.13 No.1
The twice of the oil price fluctuation in 1970s has not only stagnated the world economics but also enlarged the deficit breadth of the international balance. Especially, our country that has facilitated the economical growth by leading the foreign exportation has made backdown of the economical growth to 5.7% entering into 1980 by the influence of such exportation's facilitation and hardly gotten off from the deficit of the international balance. Thus, summarizing the feints of improvement of these is as the following: a.Strong support to the agricultural field. b.Strengthening the international competition of the export items, and varying the markets. c.Decrease of dependance on the overseaes. d.Reformation of the industrial structures consuming the large energy and decrease of the coefficient of the raw material's incorporation. e.Improvement of double economical structures and execution of the more reliable economic policy. Since a lot of things to improve other than things described above, in our economics, incidental to resources, capitals poverty, stagnation, pressure of the foreign loan, depression of the oversease exportation and etc., are faced, it is desirable that the more fundamental problems shall be solved one by one, not by the temporary, emergency action.
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문승식,최상도,서대진 진주산업대학교 1992 論文集 Vol.30 No.-
I wanted to know the organization and educational affairs of the 8 open universities in Korea and Chinju open university, and surveyed the school regulations and rules of education matters. (1) The organization of open university is composed of departments and faculties, a graduate school, auxiliary organs and educational administrative branches. Also, the open university is made up of a student council and a faculty council, and a student council is divided into a student’s meeting for the student activities and a board of representatives for decision A faculty council is delibration organization, and departments, auxiliary organs and educational administrative branches are executive organization for the school affairs. (2) The students of open university are selected out of the university selective examination, and the method of entrance into open university is various, there are the fresh, admissible, transmissible entrance and reentrance etc. The period of attendance at an undergraduate is unlimitted, but the period of temporary absence from school is two years. A school year is decided by the obtained credits, an university has the first, second and seasonal term. (3) The opening credits of the total subjects on a shcool curriculum are 110~l35% of the graduation credits(l40 units), that of the curriculum studies are drawn up 0~30% of the total opening credits. But, the opening credits of the essential subjects are formed different from an university. A student can apply the 20~21 units per a term and take 38~40 units per a school year. (4) The result of studies is estimated by the presence, reports, examination, practice and experimentation etc., that is recorded at the degree of 9 steps(A^+~D^0). A graduation examination and ceremony is enforced twice per a school year, also, the subjects of a graduation examination are English and the 4 subjects of major field. One who take 40~60% over of a subject and 60% over of total subjects is paased in a graduation examination. (5) The educational money due is decided by the applied credit units, and the student with excellent results and a labour service to be paid from a scholarship fund. But, student can't act political activities and political party's activeties, also, can't activeties in a management of educational affairs. (6) There are school regulations, educational rule, rules of student activities, management rules of auxiliary organs, rules of committe and rules of administrative branches on the educational affairs.
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관류 심장과 심장 세포에서 Insulin에 의한 Mg^(2+) 유리 조절
정창우,강형섭,김진상 한국수의공중보건학회 2002 예방수의학회지 Vol.26 No.3
It is well known that β-adrenergic stimulation increases the intracelluar cAMP concentration through activation of adenylate cyclase (AC) and evokes marked Mg^(2+) release in the heart, liver, and kidney. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of insulin on isoproterenol (ISO), norepinephrine (NE), forskolin (FOS), cAMP, or dimaprit (DMP) induced Mg^(2+) efflux from the perfused rat or guinea pig heart and isolated myocytes. We hypothesized that insulin would regulate Mg^(2+) efflux induced by AC activators and cAMP analogues because insulin activates phosphodiesterase (PDE) in the hearts. The Mg^(2+) content in the perfusate was significantly higher in the presence than in the absence of insulin. The addition of ISO, NE, FOS, or cAMP to perfused rat or guinea pig heart and isolated myocytes induced a marked Mg^(2+) efflux. These effluxes were inhibited by insulin. The Mg^(2+) efflux could also be induced by DMP, a histamine H2-receptor agonist, in the perfused guinea pig heart and isolatd myocytes. This effect was also inhibited by insulin. In rat heart and myocytes, the histamine H2-receptor agonist had no effect on Mg^(2+) efflux. In conclusion, these data suggest that insulin regulates Mg^(2+) homeostasis and the inhibitory effect of insulin on adrenoceptor-stimulation or AC activation induced Mg^(2+) efflux may occur through a regulation of cAMP pathway in rat and guinea pig hearts.
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기니픽에서 Magnesium의 혈관 이완과 혈압 하강 효과
김정곤,강형섭,김진상 한국수의공중보건학회 2003 예방수의학회지 Vol.27 No.2
The present study evaluated the effects of various agents on magnesium sulfate (Mg^(2+))-induced relaxation in aorta and blood pressure lowering in anesthetized guinea pigs. Mg^(2+) inhibited phenylephrine (PE)- or 40 mM KC1-induced sustained contraction of endothelium-intact (+E) guinea pig aortic rings in concentration-dependent manner. In preparations preconstricted with PE or KC1, Mg^(2+)-induced concentration-dependent relaxations. In preparations preconstricted with PE or KCl, Mg^(2+)-induced relaxations were not affected by the removal of endothelium (-E) and by the pretreatment of aortic rings with NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors (L-NAME and LNNA), guanylate cyclase inhibitors (methylene blue and ODQ, adenylate cyclase inhibitor (MDL), K^(+) channel blockers (glibenclamide and tetrabutylammonium), nifedipine or ryanodine. However, Mg^(2+)-induced relaxations were inhibited by Na^(+)-Mg^(2+) exchange inhibitor (imipramine) or removal (or attenuation) of extracellular Ca^(2+) in +E aortic rings. PE-induced contraction was not inhibited by nifedipine. In addition, Mg^(2+)-induced relaxations were inhibited by phospholipase C inhibitor (NCDC) or inositol monophosphatase inhibitor (lithium), but not by protein kinase C inhibitor (staurosporine). In vi패 infusion of Mg^(2+), directly into the femoral veins of guinea pigs, elicited sustained decrease in arterial blood pressure. The Mg^(2+)-lowered blood pressure was attenuated by intravenous administration of imipramine or lithium, but not by methylene blue, indomethacin, tetrabutylammonium nifedipine, LNNA, L-NAME or saponin (as an endothelium removal agent). These results suggest that endothelium independent vasorelaxant effect of Mg^(2+) on aortic ring appear to play important roles on the antihypertensive action in guinea pig, most likely via the inhibitory action of Mg^(2+) on the intracellular C^(2+) involve in PLC-IP pathway and influx (through the Na^(+)-Mg^(2+) exchanger) into the cell in guinea pig aorta.
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Synergistic Effects of Leflunomide and Benazepril in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Nephropathy
Jin, Hua,Piao, Shang Guo,Jin, Ji Zhe,Jin, Ying Shun,Cui, Zhen Hua,Jin, Hai Feng,Zheng, Hai Lan,Li, Jin Ji,Jiang, Yu Ji,Yang, Chul Woo,Li, Can S.Karger 2014 The Nephron Journals Vol.126 No.3
<P>Abstract</P><P><B><I>Background:</I></B> Leflunomide (LEF) and benazepril have renoprotective effects on diabetic nephropathy (DN) through their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic activities. This study investigated whether combined treatment using LEF and benazepril affords superior protection compared with the respective monotherapies. <B><I>Methods:</I></B> Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ, 65 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection in male Wistar rats. Two weeks after STZ injection, diabetic rats were treated daily for 12 weeks with LEF (10 mg/kg), benazepril (10 mg/kg), or a combination of both. Basic parameters (body weight, fasting blood glucose level, and 24 h urinary protein excretion), histopathology, inflammatory [inflammatory cell infiltration (ED-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2)] and glomerulosclerotic factors [transforming growth factor-β<SUB>1</SUB> (TGF-β<SUB>1</SUB>) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)], and oxidative stress (8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 8-OHdG) were studied. <B><I>Results:</I></B> Benazepril or LEF treatment significantly prevented body weight loss and 24 h urinary protein excretion induced by diabetes; combined treatment with LEF and benazepril further improved these parameters compared with giving each drug alone (all p < 0.01). Increased expression of inflammatory (MCP-1 and TLR-2) and glomerulosclerotic (TGF-β<SUB>1</SUB> and CTGF) factors in diabetic rat kidney was reduced by treatment with either LEF or benazepril and was further reduced by the combined administration of the two drugs (p < 0.01). These effects were accompanied by suppression of urinary 8-OHdG excretion. There was no significant between-group difference in blood glucose level. <B><I>Conclusions:</I></B> LEF treatment lessens DN, and combined treatment with LEF and benazepril provides synergistic effects in preventing DN.</P><P>© 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel</P>
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