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Shahla Kakoei,Amir Hossein Nekouei,Sina Kakooei,Hamid Najafipour 한국역학회 2021 Epidemiology and Health Vol.43 No.-
developOBJECTIVES: The effect of age, sex, and other demographic factors on the relationship between smoking and dry mouth remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of demographic characteristics on the relationship between dry mouth, also known as xerostomia, and smoking. METHODS: This case-control study included 5,640 randomly-selected subjects from the second phase of the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factors Study, which observed 10,000 participants from 2014 to 2018. A checklist was used to record the participants’ demographic characteristics and smoking frequency. Each participant completed a six-item Fox questionnaire to measure dry mouth as a dependent variable. The interaction terms of daily cigarette smoking with sex, age, educational level, and marital status were entered into the model. Non-significant terms were removed using hierarchical model selection. RESULTS: Of the sample, 3,429 (60.8%) did not have dry mouth and were analyzed as controls, whereas 2,211 (39.2%) had xerostomia and were deemed to be cases. Smokers were more likely to have dry mouth in all ages and both sexes (p < 0.001). As male became older, the chance of having dry mouth increased more rapidly than among female smokers (p < 0.001). In addition, female smokers were more likely to have dry mouth than male smokers (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of dry mouth among daily smokers depended on age and sex. Female smokers were more likely to have dry mouth, and its likelihood increased with age in daily smokers of both sexes, though more rapidly in males.
An Overview on Transesterification of Natural Oils and Fats
Sanaz Shahla,Ngoh Gek Cheng,Rozita Yusoff 한국생물공학회 2010 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.15 No.6
Transesterification of natural oils and fats has found various industrial applications, particularly in producing surfactants and biodiesel fuel. Due to the biodegradability and environmental compatibility of the products,many studies have been conducted in this area. An overview on transesterification of natural oils and fats is presented which includes the following topics: Catalytic and non-catalytic reactions and their optimum reaction conditions; types of catalysts and alcoholysis; reaction kinetics and mass transfer. The reports and findings from these aspects collectively provide useful information and serve as good guidelines for transesterification research.
Fatemeh Emami,Shahla Shekarriz,Zahra Shariatinia,Zahra Moridi Mahdieh 한국섬유공학회 2018 Fibers and polymers Vol.19 No.5
Nylon 6 fabric with self-cleaning properties was prepared by corona discharge pre-treatment and coating with TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) using pad-dry-cure technique. The self-cleaning property was studied by discoloration of methylene blue (MB), ketchup, tea and coffee stains from the corona+TiO2 treated nylon-6 fabric. Color difference (ΔΕ*), reflectance (R) and K/S of MB stain were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry. The MB stain was almost completely removed from the corona+TiO2 treated nylon surface after 24 h under UV light/daylight irradiation. Both of these phenomena (corona and TiO2) led to an increase in the discoloration of stains under UV and daylight irradiations. The EDS analysis showed an increase in the concentration of deposited TiO2 NPs coating after corona treatment. The FE-SEM images revealed that the surface of nylon 6 was coarser after the corona treatment. Also, the FE-SEM micrographs exhibited that a uniform layer of TiO2 NPs was formed on the corona treated nylon fabric. The corona+TiO2 treated nylon illustrated antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtillis microorganisms. The EDS and FE-SEM analysis confirmed that after 5 washing cycles, the amount of TiO2 NPs was higher on the surface of corona+TiO2 treated nylon than that of the fabric only treated with TiO2 without corona pretreatment. This result justifies that the corona+TiO2 treated nylon fabric with appropriate self-cleaning property can be applied cost-effectively in the textile industry.
Massumeh Parsamanesh,Shahla Shekarriz 한국섬유공학회 2023 Fibers and polymers Vol.24 No.10
A durable water/oil-repellent fabric with excellent wrinkle resistance via non formaldehyde crosslinking agent was developed. Therefore, this paper investigates effect of non-formaldehyde cross-linking agent based on polyurethane in the presence of fluorocarbon and nano-silica compounds on water/oil repellency and the durability of treatments on cotton fabric. The cotton fabric was first treated with cross-linking polyurethane, and then treated fabric was placed in a silica-fluorocarbon ultrasonic bath, via pad–dry–cure method. Sample 4 (CPN 6%, nano-silica of 1%, FB of 8%) showed the best results, and the contact angle reached 130 degrees. The water/oil repellency was reduced by three washing and returned to the original value after heat treatment. Cross-linked fabrics reached an excellent crease recovery angle of 234 degrees. EDS of sample 4 shows the presence of F and Si on the fabric. With washing, the amount of fluoride decreases and bounces back after heat treatment. SEM analysis shows increase on surface roughness. ATR analysis shows peaks corresponding to Si–O, carbon bonds or amide related absorption peak and C = O on treated fabric.