고려 인종대 ‘惟新’정국과 정치갈등

蔡雄錫(Chai, Oong-Seok) 한국사연구회 2013 한국사연구 Vol.161 No.-

Highly efficient Pt–Ru–Co–W quaternary anode catalysts for methanol electrooxidation discovered by combinatorial analysis

Chai, Geun Seok,Yu, Jong-Sung Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Journal of materials chemistry Vol.19 No.37

<P>PtRuCoW quaternary alloy system is explored by a robotic dispenser and combinatorial optical screening method, and some active quaternary electrocatalysts are discovered for methanol oxidation in DMFC. The newly developed PtRuCoW catalysts exhibit superior electrochemical catalytic activity and better electrochemical stability toward methanol oxidation than Pt<SUB>50</SUB>–Ru<SUB>50</SUB> binary alloy. A catalyst with Pt<SUB>43</SUB>Ru<SUB>33</SUB>Co<SUB>14</SUB>W<SUB>10</SUB> composition is the most active, demonstrating an enhancement in the activity of <I>ca.</I> 40 ∼ 70% compared with the commercial binary Pt<SUB>50</SUB>–Ru<SUB>50</SUB> E-TEK catalyst. The enhancement of catalytic activity can be explained by bifunctional mechanism, electronic effect, redox process and cooperative synergic effects of added Co and W metals.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>Pt–Ru–Co–W quaternary anode catalysts discovered by combinatorial analysis exhibit superior electrochemical catalytic activity toward methanol electro-oxidation. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b823053f'> </P>

Derived Fuel Technique of Food Wastes by Oil Vacuum Evaporation Drying

( Seok-hwan Kim ),( Byung-ran Lim ),( Cheng-kai Chai ),( Bang-seok Yoo ),( Soo-koo Lee ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2011 ISWA Vol.2011 No.0

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Gene Polymorphism is not Associated with Myocardial Infarction in Koreans

Seok Chai,Dong-Ryul Sohn 대한생리학회-대한약리학회 1998 The Korean Journal of Physiology & Pharmacology Vol.2 No.5

<P> To assess the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and myocardial infarction in Koreans, we recruited 112 healthy, unrelated subjects (mean age 53.4 years) and 104 myocardial infarction survivors (mean age 54.2 years) of both sexes. An insertion/deletion (<I>I/D</I>) polymorphism of the ACE gene was typed by polymerase chain reaction. The <I>I</I> allelic frequency of ACE gene in Korean subjects was irrelavant to myocardial infarction (patients, 65%; control subjects 66%), as was true with the <I>D</I> allele. When compared with other populations, the frequency of <I>D</I> allele in Koreans (0.34) was lower than that in Caucasians, and was close to that of other Oriental populations. The data suggest that the ACE gene polymorphism is not an independent genetic risk factor for myocardial infarction in Koreans.

Highly efficient anode electrode materials for direct methanol fuel cell prepared with ordered and disordered arrays of carbon nanofibers

Chai, Geun Seok,Yoon, Suk Bon,Yu, Jong-Sung Elsevier 2005 Carbon Vol.43 No.14

POSTER SESSION :1 - O - METHYL - 2 - METHOXY CHRYSOPHANOL . A NOVEL MARINE NATURAL PRODUCT ISOLATED FROM URECHIS UNICINTUS

Seok Chai,Young Hyun Park,Sung Keun Chang 한국생화학분자생물학회 (구 한국생화학회) 1996 추계학술대회집 Vol.- No.-

Application of SFCL on Bus Tie for Parallel Operation of Power Main Transformers in a Fuel Cell Power Systems

Chai, Hui-Seok,Kang, Byoung-Wook,Kim, Jin-Seok,Kim, Jae-Chul The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2015 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.10 No.6

In the power plant using high temperature fuel cells such as Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell(MCFC), and Solid Oxide Fuel Cell(SOFC), the generated electric power per area of power generation facilities is much higher than any other renewable energy sources. - High temperature fuel cell systems are capable of operating at MW rated power output. - It also has a feature that is short for length of the line for connecting the interior of the generation facilities. In normal condition, these points are advantages for voltage drops or power losses. However, in abnormal condition such as fault occurrence in electrical system, the fault currents are increased, because of the small impedance of the short length of power cable. Commonly, to minimize the thermal-mechanical stresses on the stack and increase the systems reliability, we divided the power plant configuration to several banks for parallel operation. However, when a fault occurs in the parallel operation system of power main transformer, the fault currents might exceed the interruption capacity of protective devices. In fact, although the internal voltage level of the fuel cell power plant is the voltage level of distribution systems, we should install the circuit breakers for transmission systems due to fault current. To resolve these problems, the SFCL has been studied as one of the noticeable devices. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of application of the SFCL on bus tie in a fuel cell power plants system using PSCAD/EMTDC.

고려시대 日官 災異 占辭의 자료적 특징과 기능

채웅석(Chai, Oong-seok) 고려사학회 2023 한국사학보 Vol.- No.90

한국 고대 香徒의 조직과 역할

채웅석(Chai, Oong-Seok) 한국고대사학회 2016 韓國古代史硏究 Vol.0 No.81

향도는 불교의 포교와 신앙활동을 위하여 결성된 공동체이다. 이 논문에서는 공동체라는 용어를 자연발생적인 공동감정에 바탕을 둔 유형뿐 아니라 결사를 포함하는 넓은 범주로 사용하였다. 승려의 권화에 따라 신자들이 자발적으로 향도에 참여하여 수행하면서 불사에 재물이나 노동력을 보시하는 활동 등으로 공덕을 닦았다. 향도는 사료 상으로 7세기 무렵부터 신라에서 확인된다. 그리고 통일신라 말기까지 여덟 개의 사례를 확인할 수 있다. 그 사례들을 분석하여 조직상의 특징과 활동양상을 검토하는 한편, 다음 사항들에 대해서도 주목하여 살폈다. 신앙공동체에 향도라는 독특한 명칭을 쓴 까닭이 무엇인가? 향도와 전통적인 공동체와의 관계는 어떠하였는가? 향도의 공동체 활동을 세속적인 목적으로까지 확장할 수 있는가? 고대사회의 변화와 관련하여 향도는 어떠한 역할을 수행하였는가? 고대사회의 발전과정에서 향도는 친족이나 촌락을 넘어서는 개방적 보편성을 지닌 불교의 신앙공동체로서 활동하였다. 그 구성원들은 지배층이 불교의 이상정치를 하도록 기대하였으며, 또 중생은 사적 이해관계로 갈등하는 것이 아니라 함께 성불할 존재라고 인식하였다. 한편 통일신라 말기의 사회변동과 관련해서도 향도의 역사적 의미가 부각되었다. 호부층이 향도의 결성이나 활동을 주도하면서 지역민을 이끌어 신망을 얻고 리더십을 강화할 수 있었다. Hyangdo was the community which was organized for the propagation of the Buddha-Dharma and the practice of Buddha’s teaching of the laudable deeds. In this paper, the term ‘community’ was used in the broad sense including not only the type in which personal relationships are defined on the basis of naturally arising mutual emotions but also the association in which personal relationships are defined on the basis of rational self-interest. In accordance with the Buddhist priest’s solicitation, members of Hyangdo voluntarily followed the principles of the Buddhism and practiced any services for Virtue(Guna) either in material form or physical labor. The first reference to Hyangdo in historical records comes from the 7th century in Silla, and eight cases have been found until the late Unified Silla. This paper reviews the organizational characteristics and the activities of Hyangdo by analyzing the cases, while paying attention to the following points. What was the reason for using the distinctive name called ‘Hyangdo’ for the community? How was the relationship between the traditional community and Hyangdo? Did Hyangdo also pursue the secular goals? What roles did Hyangdo play in terms of the changes of the ancient society? Hyangdo was the community of the Buddhism which had the open universality overcoming the limits of kinship and village on the process of the development of the ancient society. The members expected the ruling class to do the ideal politics according to Buddha’s teaching, and thought that people were the living beings not to create conflict of private interests but to attain the Buddhahood. Meanwhile, Hyangdo was important for the social change in the late Unified Silla. The new wealthy and powerful class(the Hobu class) people were able to gain influence and inforce leadership over their local communities by taking the lead in forming and the activities of Hyangdo.

고려 예종대 道家思想ㆍ道敎 흥기의 정치적 성격

蔡雄錫(Chai Oong-Seok) 한국사연구회 2008 한국사연구 Vol.142 No.-

This study deals with the political characteristics of Taoist development under the reign of King Yejong. The utilitarian policies to enrich and strengthen the kingdom had been carried out from the reign of King Sukjong. But when nine fortresses that had been constructed after the assault against the Jurchen had to be retroceded, King's leadership was damaged, and the policy should be changed. King Yejong and his advisor group devised the new policy to renovate the education and culture, and to stabilize the people's livelihood in order to save the difficult situation. They attached importance to the diplomatic relations with Sung China and the cultural import from there. They adopted Taoism as a part of that policy. They expected Taoist to pray gods for the salvation of the kingdom. Moreover, a idea of Taoist ritual Cho was that a king's ruling was ordained by Heaven. That idea had the effect of strengthening the status of king. According to adoption of Taoism, Laotzu and Chuangtzu's thought spread much more in the Koryo society. Yi Jung YakㆍKwak YeoㆍYi Ja HyeonㆍJeong Ji Sang were the representative men who wanted to live as a Taoist hermit scholar. Taoism taught the freedom from avarice and to take delight in the Taoist Way. From a political viewpoint, it could become a idea that the tainted Munbeol Aristocrats Society should be reformed. In the Taoist political thought, so-called Doing Nothing, the virtuous ruling of the king involved the education and the selection of fit persons for bureaucrat, and frequent communications with bureaucrats intimately. In a group of King Yejong's royal cronies, which was leaded by Han An In, there were many new rising officials who had studied not only Confucianism but also Taoism. They tried to solve the problems of the kingdom against such tainted aristocrats as Yi Ja Kyeom family party. They assumed critical attitudes toward the opinions to establish a new despotic system as well as to keep the old regime. They prefered to a balanced bureaucracy. But when Yi Ja Kyeom became to exercise decisive political power as King Injong's maternal grandfather, they were purged by him.