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Seo, Jeongbin,Kang, Sarah M.,Merlis, Timothy M. American Geophysical Union 2017 Geophysical research letters Vol.44 No.2
<P>In the present-day climate, the mean Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) is north of the equator. We investigate changes in the ITCZ latitude under global warming, using multiple atmospheric models coupled to an aquaplanet slab ocean. The reference climate, with a warmer north from prescribed ocean heating, is perturbed by doubling CO2. Most models exhibit a northward ITCZ shift, but the shift cannot be accounted for by the response of energy flux equator where the atmospheric energy transport (F-A) vanishes. The energetics of the simulated circulation shifts are subtle: changes in the efficiency with which the Hadley circulation transports energy, the total gross moist stability (m), dominate over mass flux changes in determining F-A. Even when F-A approximate to 0, the ITCZ can shift significantly due to changes in m, which have often been neglected previously. The dependence of ITCZ responses on m calls for improved understanding of the physics determining the tropical Delta m.</P>
Seasonal Dependence of the Effect of Arctic Greening on Tropical Precipitation
Kang, Sarah M.,Kim, Baek-Min,Frierson, Dargan M. W.,Jeong, Su-Jong,Seo Jeongbin,Chae, Yoojeong American Meteorological Society 2015 Journal of climate Vol.28 No.15
<P> This paper examines the seasonal dependence of the effect of Arctic greening on tropical precipitation. In CAM3/CLM3 coupled to a mixed layer ocean, shrub and grasslands poleward of 60°N are replaced with boreal forests. With darker Arctic vegetation, the absorption of solar energy increases, but primarily in boreal spring and summer since little insolation reaches the Arctic in boreal winter. The net energy input into the northern extratropics is partly balanced by southward atmospheric energy transport across the equator by an anomalous Hadley circulation, resulting in a northward shift of the tropical precipitation. In contrast, in boreal fall, the slight increase in insolation over the Arctic is more than offset by increased outgoing longwave radiation and reduced surface turbulent fluxes in midlatitudes, from the warmer atmosphere. As a result, the Northern Hemisphere atmosphere loses energy, which is compensated by a northward cross-equatorial atmospheric energy transport, leading to a southward shift of the tropical precipitation in boreal fall. Thus, although Arctic vegetation is changed throughout the year, its effect on tropical precipitation exhibits substantial seasonal variations. </P>
PDR-type ABC transporter mediates cellular uptake of the phytohormone abscisic acid
Kang, Joohyun,Hwang, Jae-Ung,Lee, Miyoung,Kim, Yu-Young,Assmann, Sarah M.,Martinoia, Enrico,Lee, Youngsook Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.107 No.5
<P>Abscisic acid (ABA) is a ubiquitous phytohormone involved in many developmental processes and stress responses of plants. ABA moves within the plant, and intracellular receptors for ABA have been recently identified; however, no ABA transporter has been described to date. Here, we report the identification of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter Arabidopsis thaliana Pleiotropic drug resistance transporter PDR12 (AtPDR12)/ABCG40 as a plasma membrane ABA uptake transporter. Uptake of ABA into yeast and BY2 cells expressing AtABCG40 was increased, whereas ABA uptake into protoplasts of <I>atabcg40</I> plants was decreased compared with control cells. In response to exogenous ABA, the up-regulation of ABA responsive genes was strongly delayed in <I>atabcg40</I> plants, indicating that ABCG40 is necessary for timely responses to ABA. Stomata of loss-of-function <I>atabcg40</I> mutants closed more slowly in response to ABA, resulting in reduced drought tolerance. Our results integrate ABA-dependent signaling and transport processes and open another avenue for the engineering of drought-tolerant plants.</P>