Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota and fecal noxious gas emission in weaning pigs fed high and low density diet with and without protected organic acid blends

Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Lee, Kwang Yong,Serpunja, Subin,Song, Tae- Hwa,Kim, In Ho Elsevier 2018 Animal feed science and technology Vol.239 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of protected organic acid blends including medium chain fatty acids and different nutrient density diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota and fecal noxious gas emission in weaning pigs. A total of 90 crossbred [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] weaning pigs with an initial body weight (BW) of 6.54 ± 0.78 kg were used in a six-week trial. Pigs were randomly allocated into one of six treatment groups in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with two nutrient density diets; high density (HD) vs low density (LD) supplemented with or without two levels (0.1 and 0.2%) of protected organic acids (OA) according to their sex and BW (3 replicate pens per treatment with 2 gilts and 3 barrows per pen). The inclusion of OA (0.1%, 0.2%) improved (P < 0.05) the average daily gain (ADG) during week 6. Likewise, during the overall experimental period, the ADG was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed HD diet than LD diet as well as in OA supplemented diet, but average daily feed intake (ADFI) was significantly improved (P < 0.05) only in diet supplemented with OA than non-supplemented diet. The gain: feed (G:F) ratio was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed HD than LD diet during week 3 and week 6 and overall experimental periods. The supplementation of OA (0.2%) led to a higher (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy during week 3 and week 6 compared with non-supplemented diet. In week 3, dry matter (DM) digestibility was higher in pigs fed diet supplemented with 0.2% OA but in week 6, DM digestibility was higher in both 0.1% and 0.2% OA treatments compared with control. The ATTD of energy was higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed HD than LD diet during week 6. The supplementation of OA (0.2%) in the diet reduced fecal <I>E.coli</I> during week 3 and increased <I>Lactobacillus</I> counts during week 6. However, the fecal noxious gas emissions were not affected either by OA or diets. In conclusion, protected OA and different density diets improved growth performance, nutrient digestibility but no interactive effects with different density diets and OA were observed.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Protected organic acid blends was added to high and low density diets fed to weaning pigs. </LI> <LI> Growth performance parameters and nutrient digestibility were improved in pigs fed high density diet. </LI> <LI> Growth performance and nutrient digestibility was also increased with organic acid supplementation. </LI> <LI> E.coli counts were reduced and lactobacillus counts increased in pigs fed Organic acid supplemented diets. </LI> </UL> </P>

Efficacy of Phytogenic Feed Additive on Performance, Production and Health Status of Monogastric Animals – A Review

Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Kim, In Ho De Gruyter Open 2017 Annals of animal science Vol.17 No.4

<P>The growing concerns of consumers on the use of antibiotic as a growth promoter in livestock feed have fueled the interest in alternative products. In the recent years a group of natural products known as phytogenics has been a focus of several studies. Phytogenics are a heterogeneous group of feed additives originating from plants and consist of herbs, spices, fruit, and other plant parts. These feed additives are reported to have a wide range of activities including antimicrobial, anthelminthic, antioxidant, growth enhancer, and immune modulator. Besides these properties they are also reported to stimulate feed intake and endogenous secretion and enhance production. They include many different bio-active ingredients such as alkaloids, bitters, flavonoids, glycosides, mucilage, saponins, tannins phenolics, polyphenols, terpenoids, polypeptide, thymol, cineole, linalool, anethole, allicin, capsaicin, allylisothiocyanate, and piperine. These feed additives have been tested in the form of extracts, cold pressed oils, essential oils in a number of animals but the results are variable. Therefore, their application as feed additive has been limited, largely owing to their inconsistent efficacy and lack of full understanding of the modes of action. The future of these feed additives depend on the characteristics of herbs, the knowledge on their major and minor constituents, the in-depth knowledge on their mode of action and their value based on the safety to animal and their products. The aim of this review is to summarize on the current knowledge on the use of phytogenic as a feed additive in monogastric animals.</P>

Effect of increasing levels of threonine relative to lysine on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs

Upadhaya Santi Devi,Lee Sang Seon,Jin Sung Giu,Wu Zhenlong,김인호 아세아·태평양축산학회 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.12

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying standardized ileal digestible lysine:threonine (SID Lys:Thr) ratio in the diet on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs. Methods: In total 192 crossbred pigs ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc, 17 weeks old), with an initial body weight (BW) of 70.6±3.9 kg were used in an 8-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments based on their initial BW and sex (8 replications; 4 pigs per pen, 2 barrows and 2 gilts). The pigs in the 6 treatments were fed diets having different SID Lys:Thr ratios such as 1:0.65, 1:0.66, 1:0.67, 1:0.68, 1:0.69, and 1:0.70. Results: A linear increment (p<0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and trends in reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed during day 29 to 56 of the experiment and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter tended to increase linearly (p = 0.094) at the end of the experiment (day 56) with the increase in the dietary SID Lys:Thr ratios. The backfat thickness and lean percentage increased (linear effect, p<0.05) on day 28. In addition, at day 56, a linear (p<0.05) increment in lean percentage was observed. Significant quadratic responses (p = 0.02) for pH and drip loss at day 7 (p = 0.02), a linear increase (p<0.05) in cooking loss and drip loss at day 7, and a trend in quadratic response (p = 0.07) in the lightness of meat color (L*) were observed, whereas other meat quality indices were unaffected by varying the SID Lys:Thr ratios. Conclusion: The SID Lys:Thr ratio for maximum ADG, minimum FCR and enhanced digestibility was found to be 0.70. However, for carcass trait and meat quality, the SID Lys:Thr ratio of 0.65 was enough. Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of varying standardized ileal digestible lysine:threonine (SID Lys:Thr) ratio in the diet on the performance and meat quality of finishing pigs.Methods: In total 192 crossbred pigs ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc, 17 weeks old), with an initial body weight (BW) of 70.6±3.9 kg were used in an 8-wk trial. Pigs were randomly allotted to one of six dietary treatments based on their initial BW and sex (8 replications; 4 pigs per pen, 2 barrows and 2 gilts). The pigs in the 6 treatments were fed diets having different SID Lys:Thr ratios such as 1:0.65, 1:0.66, 1:0.67, 1:0.68, 1:0.69, and 1:0.70.Results: A linear increment (p<0.05) in average daily gain (ADG) and trends in reduction in feed conversion ratio (FCR) were observed during day 29 to 56 of the experiment and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter tended to increase linearly (p = 0.094) at the end of the experiment (day 56) with the increase in the dietary SID Lys:Thr ratios. The backfat thickness and lean percentage increased (linear effect, p<0.05) on day 28. In addition, at day 56, a linear (p<0.05) increment in lean percentage was observed. Significant quadratic responses (p = 0.02) for pH and drip loss at day 7 (p = 0.02), a linear increase (p<0.05) in cooking loss and drip loss at day 7, and a trend in quadratic response (p = 0.07) in the lightness of meat color (L*) were observed, whereas other meat quality indices were unaffected by varying the SID Lys:Thr ratios.Conclusion: The SID Lys:Thr ratio for maximum ADG, minimum FCR and enhanced digestibility was found to be 0.70. However, for carcass trait and meat quality, the SID Lys:Thr ratio of 0.65 was enough.

Dietary 25(OH)D3 supplementation to gestating and lactating sows and their progeny affects growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood profiles and myogenic regulatory factorrelated gene expression in wean-finish pigs

Upadhaya Santi Devi,Chung Thau Kiong,Jung Yeon Jae,김인호 아세아·태평양축산학회 2022 Animal Bioscience Vol.35 No.3

Objective: This experiment investigated the effects of supplementing vitamin D3-fortified sow and progeny diets with 25(OH)D3 on growth performance, carcass characteristics, immunity, and pork meat quality. Methods: The present study involved the assessment of supplementing the diet of sows and their progeny with or without 25 (OH)D3 in a 2×2 factorial arrangement on the performance and production characteristics of wean-finish pigs. Forty-eight multiparous sows were assigned to a basal diet containing 2000 IU/kg vitamin D3 and supplemented without (CON) or with (TRT) 50 μg/kg 25 (OH)D3. At weaning, a total of 80 pigs each from CON and TRT sows were allocated to weaning and growing-finishing basal diets fortified with 2,500 and 1,750 IU/kg vitamin D3 respectively and supplemented without or with 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3. Results: Sows fed 25(OH)D3-supplemented diets improved pre-weaning growth rate of nursing piglets. A significant sow and pig weaning diet effect was observed for growth rate and feed efficiency (p<0.05) during days 1 to 42 post-weaning. Pigs consuming 25(OH)D3- supplemented diets gained weight faster (p = 0.016), ate more (p = 0.044) and tended to convert feed to gain more efficiently (p = 0.088) than those fed CON diet between days 98 and 140 post-weaning. Supplemental 25(OH)D3 improved water holding capacity and reduced drip loss of pork meat, increased serum 25(OH)D3 level, produced higher interleukin-1 and lower interleukin-6 concentrations in blood circulation, downregulated myostatin (MSTN) and upregulated myogenic differentiation (MYOD) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) gene expressions (p<0.05). Conclusion: Supplementing vitamin D3-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets with 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 significantly improved production performance suggesting their current dietary vitamin D3 levels are insufficient. In fulfilling the total need for vitamin D, it is strongly recommended to add 50 μg/kg 25(OH)D3 “on top” to practical vitamin D3-fortified sow and wean-finish pig diets deployed under commercial conditions.

Mycotoxins and Their Biotransformation in the Rumen: A Review

Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Park, M.A.,Ha, Jong-K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2010 Animal Bioscience Vol.23 No.9

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. These toxins pose serious health concerns to animals as well as human beings. Biodegradation of these mycotoxins has been considered as one of the best strategies to decontaminate food and feedstuffs. Biodegradation employs the application of microbes or enzymes to contaminated food and feedstuffs. Ruminants are considered to be resistant to the adverse effects of mycotoxins presumably due to the biodegrading ability of rumen microbes compared to mono-gastric animals. Therefore, rumen microbial source or microbial enzyme could be a great asset in biological detoxification of mycotoxins. Isolation and characterization of pure culture of rumen microorganisms or isolation and cloning of genes encoding mycotoxin-degrading potential would prove to have overall beneficial impact in the food and feed industry.

Isolation, Screening and Identification of Swine Gut Microbiota with Ochratoxin A Biodegradation Ability

Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Song, Jae-Yong,Park, Min-Ah,Seo, Ja-Kyeom,Yang, Liu,Lee, Chan-Ho,Cho, Kyung-J.,Ha, Jong-K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2012 Animal Bioscience Vol.25 No.1

The potential for ochratoxin A (OTA) degradation by swine intestinal microbiota was assessed in the current study. Intestinal content that was collected aseptically from swine was spiked with 100 ppb OTA and incubated for 6 and 12 h at $39^{\circ}C$. An OTA assay was conducted using the incubated samples, and it was found that 20% of the OTA toxin was detoxified, indicating the presence of microbes capable of OTA degradation. Twenty-eight bacterial species were isolated anaerobically in M 98-5 media and 45 bacterial species were isolated using nutrient broth aerobically. Screening results showed that one anaerobic bacterial isolate, named MM11, detoxified more than 75% of OTA in liquid media. Furthermore, 1.0 ppm OTA was degraded completely after 24 h incubation on a solid 'corn' substrate. The bacterium was identified by 16S rDNA sequencing as having 97% sequence similarity with Eubacterium biforme. The isolation of an OTA-degrading bacterium from the swine natural flora is of great importance for OTA biodegradation and may be a valuable potential source for OTA-degradation enzymes in industrial applications.

Effect of Feed Types on Ochratoxin A Disappearance in Goat Rumen Fluid

Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Yang, Liu,Seo, Ja-Kyeom,Kim, Myung-Hoo,Lee, Chang-Kyu,Lee, Chan-Ho,Ha, Jong-K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2011 Animal Bioscience Vol.24 No.2

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of feed types on Ochratoxin A (OTA) degradation by Korean native goats. Rumen fluid from canulated goats fed whole roughage or 50% roughage served as a source of micro-organisms. Experiments were undertaken i) to investigate OTA degradation ability in a $2{\times}4$ factorial arrangement with different feed types (100% roughage vs. 50% roughage) and rumen fluid fractions (whole rumen fluid, cells, autoclaved rumen fluid and supernatant) supplemented with OTA ii) to evaluate OTA degradation by the rumen fluid of goats fed two different diets at different time points (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 h) of feeding iii) to isolate potential rumen microorganisms and iv) to identify elements responsible for OTA degradation. Rumen fluid from goats fed 100% roughage had higher (p<0.05) OTA degradability than 50% roughage diets. OTA degradation based on rumen fluid collection times showed that rumen fluid at 0 h showed significantly higher (p<0.05) degradability. Carboxypeptidase A (CPA) enzyme has been reported to be responsible for OTA degradation. Thus, using real time PCR, primers designed to target the CPA gene from Bacillus licheniformis could be amplified using genomic DNA from rumen fluid of goats and sequenced, thus enabling evaluation of the Bacillus population under different feeding condition and times. Our findings showed that the Bacillus population was significantly higher (p<0.05) before feeding (0 h) in animals which were fed a whole roughage diet, giving indirect evidence of OTA degradation being influenced by Bacillus sps. Thus, it can be concluded that OTA degradability is influenced by feed, feeding time and Bacillus licheniformis population.

Marine derived Ca-Mg complex supplementation basal diet during four subsequent parities improved longevity and performance of sows and their litters

Santi Devi Upadhaya,Woo Jeong Seok,Shanmugam Suresh kumar,Rudolf H. van der Veen,In Ho Kim 한국축산학회 2023 한국축산학회지 Vol.65 No.3

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of Ca-Mg complex on the longevity and reproductive performance of sows. In total, seventy-two gilts ([Yorkshire × Landrace] × Duroc, average body weight 181 kg) were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments during 4 successive parity in a 4 × 3 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of CON (basal diet), CM1 (basal diet -MgO - 0.3% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex), and CM2 (basal diet - MgO - 0.7% limestone + 0.4% Ca-Mg complex). A higher (p < 0.05) number of totals born and live piglets, and sows increased feed intake during gestation and lactation, increased backfat thickness, and increased estrus interval were observed (p < 0.05) during their third and fourth parity than during their first and second parity. Ca-Mg complex supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the number of total piglets during the first and second parity as well as live-born piglets during the first to third parity, reduction (p < 0.05) in backfat thickness during the third and fourth parity, a higher (p < 0.05) initial and final number of suckling piglets as well as higher weaning weight compared with sows fed CON diet during the first, second, and third parity. The average daily gain (ADG) was higher (p < 0.05) in piglets born to CM1 and CM2 sows regardless of parity. The treatment diets fed to sows lowered (p < 0.05) the duration of first to last piglet birth and placenta expulsion time compared with CON sows. A significant interactive effect (p = 0.042) between parities and treatment diets was observed for the first to last piglet birth. Thus, Ca-Mg complex supplementation by partially replacing limestone in the basal diet enhanced sow performance, specifically during their third and fourth parity, thereby improving sow longevity.

Use of protected zinc oxide in lower doses in weaned pigs in substitution for the conventional high dose zinc oxide

Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Kim, Young Min,Lee, Kwang Young,Kim, In Ho Elsevier 2018 Animal feed science and technology Vol.240 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study tested the hypothesis that protected zinc oxide (ZnO) in lower doses can substitute the high dose conventional ZnO in weaned pigs for improved growth performance and alleviation of digestive disorders. A total of 150 crossbred weaning pigs (28 days old) with an average body weight (BW) of 6.48 ± 1.58 kg were blocked and stratified based on sex and randomly allotted to 1 of 6 dietary treatments [5 pigs per pen (2 barrows and 3 gilts); 5 pens per treatment] for a 6-wk trial in two phases. Treatments consisted of basal diet (NC); Basal diet without Zn in mineral premix with either 2500 ppm unprotected ZnO (PC) or 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm protected ZnO (PZ1, PZ2, PZ3 and PZ4 respectively). As a result of this experiment, the growth performance in pigs fed protected ZnO diets was comparable with PC diet during phase 1 and 2, except for G/F ratio in phase 1. There were cubic effects (<I>P</I> < 0.05) of protected ZnO dose on average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during phase 2. The coefficient of apparent total tract (CAATD) nutrient digestibility in pigs fed protected ZnO diets was comparable with PC diet. The concentration of Zn in the serum of pigs fed PC diet was higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) than protected ZnO diets during wk 1, 3 and 6. The faecal Zn concentrations were higher (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in pigs fed PC diets compared to NC and PZ diets during wk 1, 3 and 6. A linear response of protected ZnO dose was observed on faecal Zn concentration. The <I>E.coli</I> and <I>Clostridium spp</I> counts were lower (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in the digesta from colon of pigs fed PC diet than protected ZnO diets during wk 3. Quadratic and cubic effects (<I>P</I> < 0.05) of protected ZnO dose were observed on <I>E.coli</I> counts in the digesta of ileum and colon of pigs. Linear effects (<I>P</I> < 0.05) of protected ZnO dose were observed on <I>Lactobacillus</I> and <I>Clostridium</I> counts on the digesta of ileum and colon respectively. The faecal <I>E.coli</I> counts were greater in protected ZnO than in conventional ZnO during wk 1 and 3. The faecal <I>Lactobacillus</I> counts were greater (<I>P</I> < 0.05) and <I>Salmonella</I> counts were lower (<I>P</I> < 0.05) in PZ1 and PZ2 diets than PC diets during wk 6. Linear and quadratic effects (<I>P</I> < 0.05) of protected ZnO dose on <I>E.coli</I> counts during wk 3 and linear effects on <I>Lactobacillus</I> and <I>Salmonella</I> counts during wk 6 were observed.</P> <P>In conclusion, a lower dose of protected ZnO could replace the higher dose of conventional ZnO because it has comparable or better effects than conventional ZnO in a higher dose.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Dietary supplementation of protected vs conventional ZnO was evaluated in weaning pig. </LI> <LI> Growth performances in pigs fed protected ZnO at lower dose were comparable to high dose conventional ZnO. </LI> <LI> Nutrient digestibility was also comparable in pigs fed protected vs conventional ZnO. </LI> <LI> Fecal Zn concentration was reduced in protected versus conventional ZnO treatment. </LI> </UL> </P>

Influence of low or high density corn and soybean meal-based diets and protease supplementation on growth performance, apparent digestibility, blood characteristics and noxious gas emission of finishing pigs

Upadhaya, Santi Devi,Yun, Hyeok Min,Kim, In Ho Elsevier 2016 Animal feed science and technology Vol.216 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of high and low nutrient density diets and protease on growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, blood metabolites, and excreta noxious gas emission in finishing pigs. A total of 140 pigs [(Landrace×Yorkshire)×Duroc] with an initial average body weight (BW) of 50.69±1.91kg were used in a 12-week trial. Pigs were blocked and stratified based on sex and body weight in a 2×2 factorial design with the following factors: 1) low or high nutrient density diet and 2) with or without Protease, 125g/t (Prot). Each treatment consisted of 7 replicate pens with 5 pigs (3 barrows and 2 gilts) per pen. Supplementation of protease significantly increased (P<0.05) ADG and G: F ratio during week 6 to12 and the G: F ratio was also significantly increased (P<0.05) overall. Trends in increased (P=0.08, 0.09 and 0.08) ADG was observed in pigs fed high density diet compared with low density diet during weeks 0–6, 6 to12 and overall respectively. Likewise, feed efficiency was significantly increased (P<0.05) in pigs fed high density diets compared with low density diets. A trend in interactive effect between diets and protease was observed for feed efficiency during wk 6–12. The co-efficient of apparent digestibility (CATTD) of DM, N and Energy was significantly higher (P<0.05) in pigs fed protease supplemented diet during wk 12. Nitrogen digestibility tended to increase (P=0.06) in high density diet than low density diet during wk 6. The supplementation of protease in the diet led to significantly higher (P<0.05) level of creatinine during wk 6 and lower (P<0.05) levels of cortisol and epinephrine in blood serum during wk 12. The concentration of creatinine tended (P=0.08) to be higher in high than low density diets during wk 12. The noxious gases were not affected (P>0.05) by density diets and protease. No interactions were observed between the diets and protease for nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and noxious gases emission.</P> <P>In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 125g/t of protease has beneficial effects on growth performance and CATTD. The stress related hormones were also reduced in pigs fed protease supplemented diets. In addition to tendency in weight gain, feed efficiency was improved in pigs fed high density diets than low density diets.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Protease supplementation to high and low density corn soybean meal based diets was evaluated. </LI> <LI> Growth performance and nutrient digestibility improved in pigs fed protease supplemented diet. </LI> <LI> Feed efficiency was higher in high density than low density diets. </LI> <LI> Concentration of cortisol and epinephrine were lower in pigs fed protease supplemented diet. </LI> </UL> </P>