Effects of CPEC on the Economy of China and Pakistan

Sadiq Ullah(Sadiq Ullah ),Mumtaz Alam(Mumtaz Alam ),Zulfiqar Ali Baig(Zulfiqar Ali Baig ) 아시아사회과학학회 2022 Jornal of Asia Social Science Vol.8 No.3

CPEC is a huge investment that will bring prosperity and will heal the economic condition of Pakistan. It will also give China the shortest proximity to the rest of the world. It's a project which will benefit both of the countries as well as Europe and the Gulf. Descriptive analysis is used in this research study to investigate the effects of CPEC on Pakistan and China's economy. Diverse literature was found on this topic and is cited in the literature part of this research study. This study shows that Pakistan and China both of the countries will be better off and will achieve good economic results. Pakistan will get the maximum benefit from CPEC because its infrastructure and energy structure is less developed. And by the injection of this massive CPEC project, the Pakistani economy will boost up, and the mutual trade between China and Pakistan will be enhanced. GDP growth and welfare position of Pakistan will take more benefit from CPEC than China. Chinese export of non-agricultural products will increase more than the Chinese export of agricultural products. While in the case of Pakistani exports, the situation is the opposite one. Agricultural exports will be increased more than the increase in non-agricultural exports of Pakistan.

Design, Fabrication and Measurement of a Compact, Frequency Reconfigurable, Modified T-shape Planar Antenna for Portable Applications

Iqbal, Amjad,Ullah, Sadiq,Naeem, Umair,Basir, Abdul,Ali, Usman The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.8 No.1

This paper presents a compact reconfigurable printed monopole antenna, operating in three different frequency bands (2.45 GHz, 3 GHz and 5.2 GHz), depending upon the state of the lumped element switch. The proposed multiband reconfigurable antenna is designed and fabricated on a 1.6 mm thicker FR-4 substrate having a relative permittivity of 4.4. When the switch is turned ON, the antenna operates in a dual band frequency mode, i.e. WiFi at 2.45 GHz (2.06-3.14 GHz) and WLAN at 5.4 GHz (5.11-5.66 GHz). When the switch is turned OFF, it operates only at 3 GHz (2.44-3.66 GHz). The antenna radiates omni-directionally in these bands with an adequate, bandwidth (>10 %), efficiency (>90 %), gain (>1.2 dB), directivity (>1.7 dBi) and VSWR (<2). The fabricated antenna is tested in the laboratory to validate the simulated results. The antenna, due to its reasonably compact size ($39{\times}37mm^2$), can be used in portable devices such as laptops and iPads.

Design, Fabrication and Measurement of a Compact, Frequency Reconfigurable, Modified T-shape Planar Antenna for Portable Applications

Amjad Iqbal,Sadiq Ullah,Umair Naeem,Abdul Basir,Usman Ali 대한전기학회 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.12 No.4

This paper presents a compact reconfigurable printed monopole antenna, operating in three different frequency bands (2.45 ㎓, 3 ㎓ and 5.2 ㎓), depending upon the state of the lumped element switch. The proposed multiband reconfigurable antenna is designed and fabricated on a 1.6 ㎜ thicker FR-4 substrate having a relative permittivity of 4.4. When the switch is turned ON, the antenna operates in a dual band frequency mode, i.e. WiFi at 2.45 ㎓ (2.06-3.14 ㎓) and WLAN at 5.4 ㎓ (5.11-5.66 ㎓). When the switch is turned OFF, it operates only at 3 ㎓ (2.44-3.66 ㎓). The antenna radiates omni-directionally in these bands with an adequate, bandwidth (>10 %), efficiency (>90 %), gain (>1.2 dB), directivity (>1.7 ㏈i) and VSWR (<2). The fabricated antenna is tested in the laboratory to validate the simulated results. The antenna, due to its reasonably compact size (39 x 37 ㎟), can be used in portable devices such as laptops and iPads.

Design and SAR Analysis of Wearable Antenna on Various Parts of Human Body, Using Conventional and Artificial Ground Planes

Ali, Usman,Ullah, Sadiq,Khan, Jalal,Shafi, Muhammad,Kamal, Babar,Basir, Abdul,Flint, James A,Seager, Rob D. The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.12 No.1

This paper presents design and specific absorption rate analysis of a 2.4 GHz wearable patch antenna on a conventional and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground planes, under normal and bent conditions. Wearable materials are used in the design of the antenna and EBG surfaces. A woven fabric (Zelt) is used as a conductive material and a 3 mm thicker Wash Cotton is used as a substrate. The dielectric constant and tangent loss of the substrate are 1.51 and 0.02 respectively. The volume of the proposed antenna is $113{\times}96.4{\times}3mm^3$. The metamaterial surface is used as a high impedance surface which shields the body from the hazards of electromagnetic radiations to reduce the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). For on-body analysis a three layer model (containing skin, fats and muscles) of human arm is used. Antenna employing the EBG ground plane gives safe value of SAR (i.e. 1.77W/kg<2W/kg), when worn on human arm. This value is obtained using the safe limit of 2 W/kg, averaged over 10g of tissue, specified by the International Commission of Non Ionization Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The SAR is reduced by 83.82 % as compare to the conventional antenna (8.16 W/kg>2W/kg). The efficiency of the EBG based antenna is improved from 52 to 74 %, relative to the conventional counterpart. The proposed antenna can be used in wearable electronics and smart clothing.

Design and SAR Analysis of Wearable Antenna on Various Parts of Human Body, Using Conventional and Artificial Ground Planes

Usman Ali,Sadiq Ullah,Jalal Khan,Muhammad Shafi,Babar Kamal,Abdul Basir,James A Flint,Rob D. Seager 대한전기학회 2017 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.12 No.1

This paper presents design and specific absorption rate analysis of a 2.4 GHz wearable patch antenna on a conventional and electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ground planes, under normal and bent conditions. Wearable materials are used in the design of the antenna and EBG surfaces. A woven fabric (Zelt) is used as a conductive material and a 3 mm thicker Wash Cotton is used as a substrate. The dielectric constant and tangent loss of the substrate are 1.51 and 0.02 respectively. The volume of the proposed antenna is 113×96.4×3 ㎣. The metamaterial surface is used as a high impedance surface which shields the body from the hazards of electromagnetic radiations to reduce the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR). For on-body analysis a three layer model (containing skin, fats and muscles) of human arm is used. Antenna employing the EBG ground plane gives safe value of SAR (i.e. 1.77W/kg<2W/kg), when worn on human arm. This value is obtained using the safe limit of 2 W/kg, averaged over 10g of tissue, specified by the International Commission of Non Ionization Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The SAR is reduced by 83.82 % as compare to the conventional antenna (8.16 W/kg>2W/kg). The efficiency of the EBG based antenna is improved from 52 to 74 %, relative to the conventional counterpart. The proposed antenna can be used in wearable electronics and smart clothing.

A Survey of Rate-Adaptation Schemes for IEEE 802.11 Compliant WLANs

( Shahbaz Khan ),( Sadiq Ullah ),( Aziz Ahmed ),( Sahibzada. A. Mahmud ) 한국인터넷정보학회 2013 KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Syst Vol.7 No.3

The IEEE 802.11 compliant stations can transmit at multiple transmission rates. Selection of an appropriate transmission rate plays a significant role in determining the overall efficiency of a communication system. The technique which determines the channel state information and accordingly selects an appropriate transmission rate is called rate-adaptation protocol. The IEEE 802.11 standard does not provide standard specification for implementing a rate-adaptation protocol for its multi-rate capable wireless stations. Due to the lack of standard specification, there is a myriad of rate-adaptation protocols, proposed by industry and various research institutes. This paper surveys the existing rate-adaptation schemes, discusses various features which contribute significantly in the process of rate-adaptation, the timing constraints on such schemes, and the performance gains in terms of throughput, delay and energy efficiency; which can be gained by the use of rate-adaptation. The paper also discusses the implication of rate-adaptation schemes on the performance of overall communication and identifies existing research challenges in the design of rate-adaptation schemes.

A Novel Compact Ultra-Wideband Frequency-Selective Surface-Based Antenna for Gain Enhancement Applications

Din Iftikhar Ud,Ullah Waheed,Abbasi Nisar Ahmad,Ullah Sadiq,Shihzad Waleed,Khan Bilawal,Jayakody Dushantha Nalin K. 한국전자파학회 2023 Journal of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science Vol.23 No.2

This article presents a compact ultra-wideband (UWB) circular monopole antenna with a frequency-selective surface (FSS) for gain enhancement. The proposed antenna has a circular patch with circular cuts at the edges and is excited by a microstrip feed. The bottom plane is truncated and further modified by two triangular cuts at the sides and one rectangular cut in the middle to improve the radiation characteristics of the UWB antenna. The antenna is designed on an FR-4 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm, a relative permittivity of 4.3, and planner dimensions of 30 mm × 30 mm. To improve the proposed antenna’s gain, an FSS is designed that consists of periodic unit cells of metal printed on the upper layer of an FR-4 substrate with dimensions of 0.11λ × 0.11λ at the lowest operating frequency of 3.3 GHz. The FSS shows a very low transmission coefficient and linearly reducing reflection phase with increasing frequency over a frequency range of 3.3–10.8 GHz. The gain of the proposed antenna is increased from 3 dB to 8.1 dB at 9 GHz by placing the antenna on the FSS. Moreover, the prototype of the proposed antenna is fabricated, and the experimental results are measured, which show close agreements with simulated results. The FSS-based antenna has directional radiation patterns, making it a potential candidate for ground-penetrating radar and UWB applications.