Quantification of Karanjin, Tannin and Trypsin Inhibitors in Raw and Detoxified Expeller and Solvent Extracted Karanj (Pongamia glabra) Cake

Panda, A.K.,Sastry, V.R.B.,Kumar, A.,Saha, S.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2006 Animal Bioscience Vol.19 No.12

Despite being a rich source of protein (28-34%), karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake is found to be bitter in taste and toxic in nature owing to the presence of flavonoid (karanjin), tannin and trypsin inhibitor, thereby restricting its safe inclusion in poultry rations. Feeding of karanj cake at higher levels (>10%) adversely affected the growth performance of poultry due to the presence of these toxic factors. Therefore, efforts were made to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods such as dry heat, water washing, pressure cooking, alkali and acid treatments and microbiological treatment with Sacchraromyces cerevisiae (strain S-49). The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and tannin and trypsin inhibitor was quantified by titrametric and colorimetric methods, respectively. The karanjin, tannin and trypsin inhibitor levels in such solvent and expeller pressed karanj cake were 0.132, 3.766 and 6.550 and 0.324, 3.172 and 8.513%, respectively. Pressure-cooking of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) substantially reduced the karanjin content at a cake:water ratio of 1:0.5 with 30-minute cooking. Among chemical methods, 1.5% (w/w) NaOH was very effective in reducing the karanjin content. $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment was also equally effective in karanjin reduction, but at a higher concentration of 3.0% (w/w). A similar trend was noticed with respect to treatment of expeller pressed karanj cake (EKC). Pressure cooking of EKC was effective in reducing the karanjin level of the cake. Among chemical methods alkali treatment [2% (w/w) NaOH] substantially reduced the karanjin levels of the cake. Other methods such as water washing, dry heat, HCl, glacial acetic acid, urea-ammoniation, combined acid and alkali, and microbiological treatments marginally reduced the karanjin concentration of SKC and EKC. Treatment of both SKC and EKC with 1.5% and 2.0% NaOH (w/w) was the most effective method in reducing the tannin content. Among the various methods of detoxification, dry heat, pressure cooking and microbiological treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were substantially effective in reducing the trypsin inhibitor activity in both SKC and EKC. Based on reduction in karanjin, in addition to tannin and trypsin inhibitor activity, detoxification of SKC with either 1.5% NaOH or 3% $Ca(OH)_2$, w/w) and with 2% NaOH were more effective. Despite the effectiveness of pressure cooking in reducing the karanjin content, it could not be recommended for detoxification because of the practical difficulties in adopting the technology as well as for economic considerations.

Shear strengthening effect by bonded GFRP strips and transverse steel on RC T-beams

K.C. Panda,S.K. Bhattacharyya,S.V. Barai 국제구조공학회 2013 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.47 No.1

This study focuses on shear strengthening performance of simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams bonded by glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) strips in different configuration, orientations and transverse steel reinforcement in different spacing. Eighteen RC T-beams of 2.5 m span are tested. Nine beams are used as control beam. The stirrups are provided in three different spacing such as without stirrups and with stirrups at a spacing of 200 mm and 300 mm. Another nine beams are used as strengthened beams. GFRP strips are bonded in shear zone in U-shape and side shape with two types of orientation of the strip at 45° and 90° to the longitudinal axis of the beam for each type of stirrup spacing. The experimental result indicates that the beam strengthened with GFRP strips at 45° orientation to the longitudinal axis of the beam are much more effective than 90° orientation. Also as transverse steel increases,the effectiveness of the GFRP strips decreases.

Effects of Dietary Non-phytate Phosphorus Levels on Egg Production, Shell Quality and Nutrient Retention in White Leghorn Layers

Panda, A.K.,Rao, S.V.Rama,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Bhanja, S.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2005 Animal Bioscience Vol.18 No.8

An experiment was conducted (28 to 44 weeks) to study the laying performance, shell quality, and nutrient retention of White Leghorn layers fed different levels of non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Six levels of NPP (0.15, 0.18, 0.21, 0.24, 0.27 and 0.30%) at a constant calcium (Ca) level (3.5%) in maize-soya-deoiled rice bran based diets were formulated, and each experimental diet was offered ad libitum for 16 weeks to five replicates with five birds in each replicate. The body weight of WL layers fed diet containing 0.15% NPP was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those fed diet with 0.30% NPP, at 44 weeks of age. However, the hen day egg production, egg weight, daily feed intake and feed consumed per dozen eggs were not influenced by the variation in the NPP levels in the diet. The bone ash content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the birds fed 0.30% NPP as compared with those fed diets up to 0.24% NPP. Bone ash content was intermediate in the birds fed diet containing 0.27% NPP. The tibia strength followed the same trend as that of bone ash. Dietary NPP content had no influence on serum Ca and protein concentration and activity of alkaline phosphatase. However, serum inorganic P concentration increased linearly with NPP content in the diet. The concentration of P was significantly (p<0.05) higher in the birds fed 0.27% NPP or higher as compared with those fed 0.15% NPP. Levels of dietary NPP had no influence on egg quality parameters like shell wt, shell thickness, shell strength and specific gravity. The retention of nutrients such as DM, N and Ca were comparable among the WL layers fed different levels of NPP. However, the retention of P decreased linearly with increase in the level of NPP in the diet. The retention of P in the birds fed diets up to 0.24% NPP in the diet was comparable, however further increasing the content of NPP (either 0.27% or 0.30%) reduced the retention of P. Based on the results of the present study, 0.15% NPP (180 mg/b/d) in the diets of WL layers is adequate for optimum production performance during 28 to 44 weeks of age, however, WL layers require 0.27% NPP (324 mg /b/d) in the diet for optimum production with better bone mineralization.

Water Quality Assessment for Wells Located Near Municipal Waste Dumping Sites in Bhubaneswar City, India

S.P. Panda,C.S.K. Mishra,R. Muduli,D.K. Behera,Jung Wk Kim 서울대학교 환경대학원 2004 環境論叢 Vol.42 No.-

Shear strengthening effect by bonded GFRP strips and transverse steel on RC T-beams

Panda, K.C.,Bhattacharyya, S.K.,Barai, S.V. Techno-Press 2013 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.47 No.1

This study focuses on shear strengthening performance of simply supported reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams bonded by glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) strips in different configuration, orientations and transverse steel reinforcement in different spacing. Eighteen RC T-beams of 2.5 m span are tested. Nine beams are used as control beam. The stirrups are provided in three different spacing such as without stirrups and with stirrups at a spacing of 200 mm and 300 mm. Another nine beams are used as strengthened beams. GFRP strips are bonded in shear zone in U-shape and side shape with two types of orientation of the strip at $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ to the longitudinal axis of the beam for each type of stirrup spacing. The experimental result indicates that the beam strengthened with GFRP strips at $45^{\circ}$ orientation to the longitudinal axis of the beam are much more effective than $90^{\circ}$ orientation. Also as transverse steel increases, the effectiveness of the GFRP strips decreases.

Derivation of Instantaneous Current References for Three Phase PV Inverter Connected to Grid with Active and Reactive Power flow Control

S. Dasgupta,S. N. Mohan,S. K. Sahoo,S. K. Panda 전력전자학회 2011 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

In this paper, inverter reference current generation for a three phase grid connected PV inverter under generalized grid voltage conditions is proposed. The proposed method facilitates high bandwidth grid active and reactive power flow control along with minimum DC link ripples with grid current THD control facility by finding suitable current reference directly in the a-b-c frame. The proposed method is much faster than the conventional methods because of the absence of phase lock loop (PLL) and Park’s transformation requirements. The proposed method is also independent of grid voltage fundamental frequency and capable of rejecting the grid voltage harmonics. These advantages make it more suitable for micro-grid applications. The proposed method is validated with rigorous experiments and test results presented depict the efficacy of the proposed system.

A Lyapunov function based current controller to control active and reactive power flow in a three phase grid connected PV inverter under generalized grid voltage conditions

S. Dasgupta,S. N. Mohan,S. K. Sahoo,S. K. Panda 전력전자학회 2011 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2011 No.5

In this paper, a novel control system is proposed to control the active and reactive grid power flow in a three phase grid connected PV inverter. The control system not only controls the grid power but also reduces the grid current THD in the presence of typical non-linear loads in parallel with grid at the point of common coupling (PCC). The proposed control system also takes care of not only the grid voltage unbalance but also the unbalance in the connecting line side inductors. The stability of the proposed control system is ensured by the direct method of Lyapunov. The proposed control system is not only simple to implement in the digital form but also provides superior performance over the conventional multiple PI or resonant control methods. A new grid connected inverter modeling technique is also proposed to take care of unbalances in the inverter system. Experimental results are provided to show the efficacy of the proposed control system.

Utilisation of Municipal Waste Water in Aerobic Composting of Solid Organic Waste of Bhubaneswar City

Panda, S.P.,Mishra, C.S.K.,Behera, D.K.,Kim, Jung Wk 서울大學校 環境大學院 2003 環境論叢 Vol.41 No.-

Approximately 600 tons of solid organic wastes and a huge bulk of sewage water are generated in Bhubaneswar city, Orissa, India daily endangering the urban environment. Solid wastes in windrows with sewage water inoculum decomposed faster compared to cow dung slurry and plain water treated wastes. C:N and C:P ratios declined relatively faster in sewage water treated windrows than cow dung slurry and water treated windrows during the experimental period of 45 days. The results indicated that the Bhubaneswar Municipal sewage water would be successfully utilised in solid waste composting.

Shear behaviour of RC T-beams strengthenedwith U-wrapped GFRP sheet

K.C.Panda,S. K. Bhattacharyya,S. V. Barai 국제구조공학회 2012 Steel and Composite Structures, An International J Vol.12 No.2

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the performance of 2.5 m long reinforced concrete (RC) T-beams strengthened in shear using epoxy bonded glass fibre fabric. Eighteen (18) full scale, simply supported RC T-beams are tested. Nine beams are used as control beam specimens with three different stirrups spacing without glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) sheet and rest nine beams are strengthened in shear with one, two, and three layers of GFRP sheet in the form of U-jacket around the web of T-beams for each type of stirrup spacing. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness, the cracking pattern and modes of failure of the GFRP strengthened RC T-beams. The test result indicates that for RC T-beams strengthened in shear with U-jacketed GFRP sheets, increase the load carrying capacity by 10-46%.

Relative Performance and Immune Response in White Leghorn Layers Fed Liquid DL-methionine Hydroxy Analogue and DL-methionine

Panda, A.K.,Rama Rao, S.V.,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Bhanja, S.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.6

The relative performance and immune response was evaluated in White Leghorn layers fed liquid DL-methionine hydroxyl analogue-free acid (MHA-FA) relative to dry DL-methionine (DLM) in maize-soybean-sunflower based diets. Three graded levels of methionine (Met) from DLM or MHA-FA were added to the basal diet containing 0.27% Met on an equimolar basis to achieve 0.30, 0.36 and 0.42% Met in the diet. Each diet was fed ad libitum to 25 replicates of one bird (individual feeding) each, from 24 to 40 weeks of age. A regime of 16 h light was provided and all the layers were kept under uniform management throughout the experimental period. None of the parameters studied were influenced by the interaction between source and level of Met in diets. Similarly, the majority of parameters, except for daily feed consumption and immune response (influenced by level) and egg specific gravity and shell thickness (influenced by source), were not affected by either source or level of Met in the diets. Feed consumption was significantly lower in the birds fed a diet containing 0.42% Met compared to those fed lower levels of Met. The cutaneous basophilic hypersensitivity response to PHA-P and antibody titre (32 and 40 wk) to inoculation of sheep red blood cells increased significantly by increasing the concentration of Met in the diet from 0.30 to 0.36%. Thus, the Met requirement for immune competence was higher than for optimum production. The source of Met significantly influenced the egg specific gravity and shell thickness. The specific gravity and shell thickness of eggs increased significantly when MHA-FA was used as the source of Met in the diet compared to DLM. From the study it is concluded that Met requirement for immune competence (360 mg/b/d) is higher than for optimum production (300 mg/b/d). MHA-FA was comparable with DLM as a source of Met for production performance and immunity, when the bioavailability of MHA-FA was considered as 88% of DLM. Further, MHA-FA improved egg shell quality compared to DLM.