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        A Novel Comparative Study of European, Chinese and American Codes on Bolt Tightening Sequence Using Smart Bolts

        Runzhou You,Liang Ren,Gangbing Song 한국강구조학회 2020 International Journal of Steel Structures Vol.20 No.3

        Achieving uniform bolt preload distribution is crucial but not easy for a multi-bolt connection. Tightening sequence is one of the primary factors that aff ect the bolt preload distribution. Diff erent national codes specify details of tightening sequence of a multi-bolt connection. However, few studies have been conducted on the eff ect of tightening sequence specifi ed by diff erent national codes on bolt preload distributions. In this paper, a novel comparative study of diff erent national codes on bolt tightening sequence was carried out. In order to monitor the variations of bolt preload, smart bolts integrated with fi ber Bragg grating (FBG) sensors were designed, fabricated, and calibrated. The FBG-enabled smart bolt can accurately measure the pre-load of each bolt in real time. Then, bolts tightening sequence experiment was performed on a connection of two rectangular steel plates fastened by sixteen smart bolts to compare the bolt preload distributions of diff erent tightening sequences, which are based on European, Chinese and American codes. The experimental results demonstrate that small diff erences in three tightening sequences can be found and using Chinese code obtains better preload uniformity in a multi-bolt connection by comparison.

      • Deformation estimation of plane-curved structures using the NURBS-based inverse finite element method

        Runzhou You,Liang Ren,Tinghua Yi,Hongnan Li 국제구조공학회 2023 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.88 No.1

        An accurate and highly efficient inverse element labelled iPCB is developed based on the inverse finite element method (iFEM) for real-time shape estimation of plane-curved structures (such as arch bridges) utilizing onboard strain data. This inverse problem, named shape sensing, is vital for the design of smart structures and structural health monitoring (SHM) procedures. The iPCB formulation is defined based on a least-squares variational principle that employs curved Timoshenko beam theory as its baseline. The accurate strain‒displacement relationship considering tension‒bending coupling is used to establish theoretical and measured section strains. The displacement fields of the isoparametric element iPCB are interpolated utilizing nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS) basis functions, enabling exact geometric modelling even with a very coarse mesh density. The present formulation is completely free from membrane and shear locking. Numerical validation examples for different curved structures subjected to different loading conditions have been performed and have demonstrated the excellent prediction capability of iPCBs. The present formulation has also been shown to be practical and robust since relatively accurate predictions can be obtained even omitting the shear deformation contributions and considering polluted strain measures. The current element offers a promising tool for real-time shape estimation of plane-curved structures.

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