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Jongchan Kim,Young-Seog Kim,Rosalind Archer 대한지질학회 2021 대한지질학회 학술대회 Vol.2021 No.10
Anthropogenic seismic activities associated with fluid injection or production into or from deep subsurface have been observed in many areas, for instances, wastewater disposal, geothermal power plants, CO₂ sequestration, and underground natural gas storage. The magnitudes of injection induced earthquakes are mostly M < 2.0, so-called microseismicity. However, a few M > 5.0 earthquakes have also been recorded in some places such as Basel in Switzerland, Oklahoma in the USA and Pohang in Korea. In order to mitigate and forecast such strong seismic activities, it is essential to understand the interaction between injected fluid flow and geomechanical conditions. Due to the limitations of obtaining field data, physics-based hydromechanical coupled numerical simulators have been applied as a practical tool for interpretation of the earthquake sequences. The Karapiti reinjection area is located in the Wairakei geothermal field, which is a part of the greater Wairakei-Tauhara geothermal system in Taupo Volcanic Zone (TVZ), New Zealand. The dominant geological structure is NE-SW trending steeply dipping normal fault system due to the site location in the Lau-Havre-Taupo extensional back-arc basin resulting from the convergence of the Pacific Ocean plate and Australian continental plate. The Karapiti reinjection area was known as an aseismic zone in TVZ in spite of the location in the tectonically active zone. However, the number of injection induced microearthquakes was visibly increased after geothermal fluid reinjection commenced in 2011. Magnitudes of the events are mostly less than 2.0 indicating the microseismicity range. In this study, we investigate causative factors of microearthquake activities in the Krarapiti reinjection field using developed hydromechanical coupled seismicity rate modeling. We reproduced spatiotemporal event distribution and compared with observed seismic data. The simulated results are well consistent with the recorded data. However, the discrepancy of seismicity rate between simulated and observed ones exists at the occurrence of clustering events. In order to resolve this disagreement, a seismic decluster analysis needs to be applied for a better result. Based on our data and interpretation, the earthquake activities in the Karapiti area seem to be linked to the total injection rate.
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