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Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity of Elk (Cervus elaphus) Velvet Antler
Karawita Rohan,Park, Pyo-Jam,Siriwardhana Nalin,Jeon, Byong-Tae,Moon, Sang-Ho,Ahn, Duk-Kyun,Chos, Somi-K.,Jeon, You-Jin The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2005 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.10 No.3
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of elk antler hydrolysates prepared with three kinds of proteases, pepsin, trypsin and $\alpha-chymotrypsin$, were investigated. The ACE inhibitory activity of the pepsinolytic hydrolysate was the highest with an $IC_{50}$ value of $9.3\mu g/mL.$ In addition, three kinds of pepsinolytic hydrolysates with relatively high molecular weights (over 10,000 Da), medium molecular weights (5,000 to 10,000 Da), and low molecular weights (below 5,000 Da) were fractionated using an ultrafiltration membrane system. The below 5,000 Da hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity. These results indicate that the pepsinolytic hydrolysates of elk velvet antler could be a good source of peptides with ACE inhibitory activity.
Angiotensin I - Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitory Activity of Elk (Cervus elaphus) Velvet Antler
Rohan Karawita,Pyo-Jam Park,Nalin Siriwardhana,Byong-Tae Jeon,Sang-Ho Moon,Duk-Kyun Ahn,Somi K. Cho,You-Jin Jeon 한국식품영양과학회 2005 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.10 No.3
Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of elk antler hydrolysates prepared with three kinds of proteases, pepsin, trypsin and α-chymotrypsin, were investigated. The ACE inhibitory activity of the pepsinolytic hydrolysate was the highest with an IC_(50) value of 9.3 ㎍/mL. In addition, three kinds of pepsinolytic hydrolysates with relatively high molecular weights (over 10,000 Da), medium molecular weights (5,000 to 10,000 Da), and low molecular weights (below 5,000 Da) were fractionated using an ultrafiltration membrane system. The below 5,000 Da hydrolysate exhibited the highest ACE inhibitory activity. These results indicate that the pepsinolytic hydrolysates of elk velvet antler could be a good source of peptides with ACE inhibitory activity.
Rohan Karawita,Soo-Jin Heo,Bae-Jin Lee,Se-Kwon Kim,Choon Bok Song,You-Jin Jeon 한국식품영양과학회 2006 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.11 No.2
Fish backbone, a major by-product in the fish processing industry, accounts for about 15% of whole fish weight. In this study, recovery of bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) backbone by-products using enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. Finely ground fish backbones were hydrolyzed with two proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and protease) to obtain soluble calcium from the by-products. The pepsin digest had a higher degradation efficiency (88%) than protease. Four different concentrations of the fish backbone calcium (100, 250, 500 and 1000 ㎎/L) prepared by the pepsin digest were treated with Na₂HPO₄ at a concentration gradient (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15 and 20 mM) to evaluate their solubility, revealing that solubilities of the fish backbone calcium were superior to those of CaCl₂ at all the calcium and Na₂HPO₄ concentrations. Among the tested concentrations the highest solubility was found in the pepsin digest containing a calcium concentration of 1000 ㎎/L. Thus, hydrolyzing with pepsin is an effective mode of recovering bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack fish backbones.
Karawita Rohan,Heo, Soo-Jin,Lee, Bae-Jin,Kim, Se-Kwon,Song, Choon-Bok,Jeon, You-Jin The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2006 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.11 No.2
Fish backbone, a major by-product in the fish processing industry, accounts for about 15% of whole fish weight. In this study, recovery of bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) backbone by-products using enzymatic hydrolysis was investigated. Finely ground fish backbones were hydrolyzed with two proteolytic enzymes (pepsin and protease) to obtain soluble calcium from the by-products. The pepsin digest had a higher degradation efficiency (88%) than protease. Four different concentrations of the fish backbone calcium (100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/L) prepared by the pepsin digest were treated with $Na_2HPO_4$ at a concentration gradient (0, 1, 2, 4, 8, 10, 15 and 20 mM) to evaluate their solubility, revealing that solubilities of the fish backbone calcium were superior to those of $CaCl_2$ at all the calcium and $Na_2HPO_4$ concentrations. Among the tested concentrations the highest solubility was found in the pepsin digest containing a calcium concentration of 1000 mg/L. Thus, hydrolyzing with pepsin is an effective mode of recovering bioavailable calcium from Alaska pollack fish backbones.
이승홍,Rohan Karawita,Abu Affan,Joon-Baek Lee,Ki-Wan Lee,이배진,Dong-Woo Kim,전유진 한국조류학회I 2009 ALGAE Vol.24 No.1
Recently, interest in plant-derived food additives has developed natural antioxidants, in order to alternate synthetic antioxidants with several disadvantages. In the present study, different organic fractions from solvent partitions of 80% methanol extract from Jeju benthic diatoms, Achnanthes longipes, Navicula sp. and Amphora coffeaeformis was assessed for their potential antioxidant effects. Among the solvent fractions tested, n-hexane (80.4%) and 80% methanol extract (76.6%) from A. longipes, chloroform (63.2%) from Navicula sp. and n-hexane (67.4%) from A. coffeaeformis were effective in DPPH free radical scavenging. Fractions of chloroform (53.4%) and n-hexane (53.1%) from A. longipes exhibited higher activities on H2O2 scavenging. Fraction of n-Hexane from A. longipes exhibited the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and NO· scavenging activity (56.5% and 75.6%, respectively). Aqueous residue from A. coffeaeformis (75.6%) showed the highest metal chelating effect. Chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction of all the diatoms exhibited significant antioxidant activities in lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity. In particular, both chloroform and the ethyl acetate fraction from A. longipes and A. coffeaeformis exhibited lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity significantly higher than that of α- tocopherol. These data suggest that the Jeju benthic diatoms tested are rich in hydrophilic and hydrophobic antioxidative compounds with different antioxidative properties that can be applied in food industry.
Affan, Abu,Karawita, Rohan,Jeon, You-Jin,Lee, Joon-Baek Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007 Journal of phycology Vol.43 No.4
<P>Benthic diatoms are a commonly used food source in shellfish aquaculture. Diatoms of the genus <I>Navicula</I> are the most abundant benthic diatoms occurring year-round on the coast of Jeju Island, Korea. We isolated an axenic strain of <I>N. incerta</I> Grunow; estimated its growth characteristics under 27 different combinations of temperature, salinity, and nutrients; and determined its biochemical composition and antioxidant activities. The maximum specific growth rate (&mgr;<SUB>max</SUB>), defined as the increase in cell density per unit time, was 0.81–1.04 · d<SUP>−1</SUP>, and the maximum cell density, 7.99 × 10<SUP>5</SUP> cells · mL<SUP>−1</SUP>, was reached at 0.88 · d<SUP>−1</SUP> &mgr;<SUB>max</SUB>, 20°C, 30 psu salinity, and F/2 nutrient concentration on day 12 of the culture period. The approximate cellular composition was as follows: 7.0 ± 0.04% protein, 1.7 ± 0.28% lipid, 12.8 ± 0.85% carbohydrate, 68.4 ± 0.09% ash, and 10.1 ± 0.44% moisture. The antioxidant properties of <I>N. incerta</I> were determined for various extracts. The rates of 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical scavenging for Neutrase and methanol extracts were 81.6% and 62.8%, respectively. Flavourzyme extract had a superoxide-scavenging rate of 57.7%. Kojizyme and Ultraflo extracts had nitric-oxide-scavenging rates of 42.2% and 40.6%, respectively, significantly higher than commercial antioxidants, such as &agr;-tocopherol and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). The metal-chelating activities of the methanol, Neutrase, and Termamyl extracts were 68.5%, 45.2%, and 41.2%, respectively, four to six times higher than commercial antioxidants. The Termamyl extract showed the highest linoleic acid peroxidation inhibition, exceeding &agr;-tocopherol and on par with BHT.</P>
Abu Affan, Md.,Karawita, Rohan,Jeon, You-Jin,Lee, Joon-Baek,Kang, Do-Hyung,Park, Heung-Sik The Korean Society for Marine Biotechnology 2007 한국해양바이오학회지 Vol.2 No.3
Amphora coffeaeformis and Achnanthes longipes are commonly found as dominant benthic microalgae in Jeju coastal water throughout the year. In order to investigate pharmaceutical uses of these diatoms, each single species was isolated with micropipette under phase contrast microscope and subcultured with synthetic seawater media which was enriched with F/2 media, trace metal solution and $Na_2SiO_3$). Growth characteristics of these species were also determined with different combination of salinity, nutrients concentration and temperature. Thereafter, mass culture of each species was done based on the maximum growth condition. Biomass was collected after two weeks of mass culture and freeze dried for antioxidant study. The antioxidant properties of different fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and ethylacetate) obtained by solvent fractionation of 80% methanolic extract of two microalgae were investigated for free radical, reactive oxygen species scavenging (Super oxide, Hydrogen peroxide, Hydroxyl radical and Nitric oxide), metal chelating and lipid peroxidation inhibition activities. All fractions of A. longipes showed higher $DPPH^{\cdot}$ (free radical) scavenging activities (n-hexane: 89.0%, Chloroform: 76.0%, Ethylacetate: 66.0%, Methanol: 90.6% and aqueous residue: 63.0%). N-hexane fraction of A. longipes showed significantly higher activity (49.0%) on nitric-oxide. Ethylacetate fraction of A. longipes and aqueous residue of A. coffeaeformis exhibited 64.0% and 75.6% metal chelating activity which was higher than commercial antioxidants (${\alpha}$-tocopherol: 18.0% and BHT: 16.0%). The n-hexane fraction of A. coffeaeformis had 67.5% activity on $DPPH^{\cdot}$. Chloroform and n-hexane fractions of A. coffeaeformis exhibited 46.2% and 47.6% $H_2O_2$ scavenging effects which were closely similar to commercial antioxidants (${\alpha}$-tocopherol: 49.2% and BHT: 58.6%). Chloroform and ethylacetate fractions of A. longipes and fraction of n-hexane and chloroform of A. coffeaeformis showed better lipid peroxidation activities than ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. These data suggest that both organic and aqueous fractions have good antioxidative compounds with different antioxidant properties.
Seung-Hong Lee,Rohan Karawita,Abu affan,Joon-Baek Lee,Bae-Jin Lee,You-Jin Jeon 한국식품영양과학회 2008 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.13 No.3
In this study, we focused on natural water-soluble antioxidants from the Jeju benthic diatoms, Achnanthes longipes, Navicula sp. and Amphora coffeaeformis. They were prepared by enzymatic digestion using five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl and Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Alcalase) and their potential antioxidant activity was assessed. Among the enzymatic digests, Neutrase digest from A. coffeaeformis exhibited the highest effect in DPPH radical scavenging. Flavourzyme (48.7%), Viscozyme (47.4%) and Celluclast (45.7%) digests from Navicula sp. exhibited higher O.?₂ radical scavenging activity. Viscozyme digest from A. coffeaeformis (45.9%) possessed the highest effects in hydroxyl radical scavenging. Termamyl (89.3%) and Protamex (88.8%) digests from A. coffeaeformis had strong metal chelating activity. Lipid peroxidation was significantly inhibited in Termamyl and Kojizyme digests from A. longipes, AMG and Termamyl digests from Navicula sp. and Kojizyme digest from A. coffeaeformisi. These data suggest that enzymatic digests of the Jeju benthic diatoms might be valuable sources of antioxidant which can be applied in food and pharmaceutical industry.