Multiple Aptitude for Instructed Second Language Acquisition

Pete Robinson 한국영어학회 2003 영어학 Vol.3 No.3

Robinson, Peter. 2003. Multiple Aptitude for Instructed Second Language Acquisition. Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics 3-3, 375-410. As Snow (1989) and Sternberg (1985) have long argued, learning, and adaptation to the learning environment or classroom context (at the levels of instructional treatment, interventionist focus on form technique, or pedagogic task) is a result of the interaction of context at each of these levels of description with learners' patterns of abilities. In this paper I argue that this is an important area of research for SLA pedagogy, as well as SLA theory development, and I review recent developments in the study of L2 learning conditions; of the abilities contributing to L2 aptitude; and of their interaction with the processes involved in successful classroom learning and practice, and propose a model of 'multiple aptitudes' for classroom learning based on these findings.

Business Incubator Explanations: Networking and Gender Differences

Sherry Robinson KINFORMS 2009 Management Review Vol.4 No.2

Research investigating gender differences in small business performance has frequently shown women-owned businesses to be smaller in terms of sales, profits and number of employees (Cooper, Gimeno-Dascon, & Woo, 1994; Kalleberg & Leicht, 1991; Loscocco & Leicht, 1993; Watson & Robinson, 2003). One reason for this may be social networks that are not as diverse and useful as men’s networks, making it more difficult for women to access external business resources. Business incubators attempt to enhance tenants’ networks, and thus increase access to needed resources. In this theoretical paper, it is argued that even though all incubatees are likely to benefit from networking assistance, it may be especially useful for women with less diverse networks. Suggestions for future research based on this conceptual framework are also presented.

James M. Robinson : A New Quest of the historical Jesus, 1959

James M. Robinson 한신대학교 한신신학연구소 1960 신학연구 Vol.6 No.-

WHAT POLICIES SHOULD THE UNITED STATES ADOPT TO COUNTER THE SOVIET MILITARY THREAT TO NORTHEAST ASIA?

Robinson,Thomas W. The Institute for Far Eastern Studies Kyungnam Uni 1983 ASIAN PERSPECTIVE Vol.7 No.1

Until recently, american Policy in Northeast Asia centered on relations with three regional powers and the issues associated with them. Japanese-American relations revolved around the details of trade, fiscal policy, and defense cooperation. Korean-American developments concentrated on how to defend the South while still maintaining conditions for rapid economic growth and gradual political liberalization process, gradually worked out the status of Taiwan, and moved on to discuss with Peking a wide range of future economic and political ties.

A taxonomic and distributional study of the rhodolith-forming species Lithothamnion muelleri (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) in the Eastern Pacific Ocean

Robinson, Nestor M.,Hansen, G.I.,Fernandez-Garcia, C.,Riosmena-Rodriguez, R. The Korean Society of Phycology 2013 ALGAE Vol.28 No.1

Lithothamnion muelleri is reported for the first time as one of the main components of rhodolith beds along the Eastern Pacific Ocean based on samples from Washington State (USA), Pacific Baja California (M$\acute{e}$xico), southern Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Individual rhodoliths ranged from fruticose to lumpy in morphology, and bi-sporangial, tetrasporangial, and gametangial plants were similar to those described from Australia and Brazil. Our study revealed a surprisingly wide latitudinal distribution of this species along the American continent. Its documentation in the Eastern Pacific will facilitate a more accurate interpretation of the ecology, biology, and biogeography of rhodolith beds worldwide.

The Change of an Adoption Act and Policy in Australia

Robinson, Evelyn 이화여자대학교 젠더법학연구소 2011 이화젠더법학 Vol.2 No.2

20세기 후반까지 호주의 한부모가족은 어머니와 자녀 모두에게 부끄러운 일이 었다. 비혼모(single mothers)는 무능하게 보였고, 결혼하지 않은 부모(unmarried parents)의 자녀는 결혼한 커플에게 입양되었다. 하지만 호주 연방정부는 1973년 비혼모에게 지원금을 지급하였고, 이후 입양이 꾸준히 감소하고 있다. 현재 호주에서는 입양이 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다. 1960년 중반 이후 입양이 많이 이루어졌는데, 그 당시에는 입양으로 인해 헤어진 가족구성원이 느끼는 감정상태를 설명할 수 있는 장기적 연구가 없었다. 그러나 1980년대가 되면서 1960년대 입양으로 헤어지게 된 가족들이 관련 연구에 기꺼이 협조하기 시작하였다. 입양지원단체도 이즈음 만들어졌고, 이 단체들은 연구조사를 통해 입증된 입양에 대한 접근방법과 입양정보접근권관련 법률을 개정하고자 정부에 개정법률안을 제출하기 시작하였다. 결과적으로 현재 입양을 고려하고 있는 비혼모(unmarried mothers)에 대한 접근방식이 과거와는 꽤 달라졌다. 비혼모에게 연방정부의 급여수급권이 보장될 뿐만 아니라 출산보다 입양으로 인해 장기간 미치게 되는 영향에 대해서 상담하거나 서면정보를 제공받을 권리도 보장되었다. 또한 자녀가 생후 14일이 될 때까지 입양결정을 할 수 없고 입양을 결정한 경우에는 25일 안에 결정을 바꿀 수 있다. 이 기간 동안에 는 입양할 당사자를 선택할 수 없다. 그리고 어머니가 입양결정을 할 때 자녀의 아버지의 의사결정을 반영하도록 권고하고 있다. 입양아의 출생증명서에는 4명의 부모, 즉 친부모와 양부모의 이름이 기록된다. 호주의 모든 주와 준주(準州)에서는 아이 때 입양되어 성인이 된 경우 관련법에 따라 기존 출생증명서와 입양관련서류의 사본을 받을 수 있다. 동 법은 1984년에 제정되었다. 1988년 이후 대부분의 주에서는 자녀를 입양시킨 어머니들은 자녀가 성인이 되었을 때 새로운 출생증명서 사본을 받을 수 있다. 이러한 절차를 통해 입양으로 헤어진 가족이 서로를 찾을 수 있도록 기회를 제공하고 재결합할 수 있도록 해 준다. 자녀입양으로 인한 상실감은 보통 유익하면서도 의미있는 것으로 여겨진다. 전통적으로 입양으로 인한 헤어짐은 상실의 경험으로 인정되지 않았고, 이러한 상실감으로 슬퍼하는 사람들을 위한 사회지원이 없었기 때문이다. 입양을 한 많은 어머니들 은 수치심과 죄의식으로 슬퍼할 자격이 없다고 믿었다. 입양된 자녀도 입양이 자신의 삶 전체에 긍정적인 측면이 있다고 믿으려 했기 때문에 가족과의 헤어짐으로 인한 슬픔이나 상실감을 표현하기 어려웠다. 대부분 입양으로 인한 슬픔은 법적으로 인정되지 못했다. 다만 입양후상담프로그램(post-adoption grief counselling)은 입양으로 인한 상실과 슬픔을 인정하고 조정하는 데 도움이 된다. 준비만 제대로 되어 있다면, 기존 가족과의 재결합은 더욱 의미있는 경험이 될 것이다. 호주는 지난 수년간의 사회변화를 통해, 여성의 고용접근성과 (경제적으로) 독립할 수 있는 권리를 보장해주었다. 이로 인해 현재 자신의 아이를 입양하려는 어머니가 많지 않다. 그리고 가족의 학대와 방치의 위험에 빠져있는 아이의 입장에 초점을 맞춘 법이 제정되었다. 또한 상시후견제도(permanent guardianship order)를 통해 기존 가족과의 관계나 정체성을 이어갈 수 있도록 하고 있다. 최근 호주 연방정부가 입양과 관련한 세 가지의 사과를 한 바 있다. 이것은 기존 호주의 가족분리정책에 대한 호주국민의 인식에 상당한 영향을 미쳤다. 첫 번째는 호주 원주민 가족과 떨어져 양육된 세대(Stolen Generation of Aboriginal Australians)에 관한 것이었다. 두 번째는 제2차 세계대전 이후 호주에서 입양보내진 아동(Child Migrants)에 대한 사과였다. 세 번째는 보호시설의 아동(Forgotten Australians)에 대한 것으로, 이 많은 아이들은 학대받고 자신의 가족과 결코 재회하지 못했다. 최근에는 서호주정부가 과거 입양정책으로 부정적 영향을 받은 가족에게 사과한 바 있다. 아마도 이는 전 세계적으로 처음 있는 일일 것이다. 호주 입양단체를 비롯한 여러 나라가 서호주정부의 사과를 열렬히 환영하였다. 현재 호주의 국내입양은 매우 적지만, 여전히 다른 나라에서 호주로 입양되어 오는 아이들은 많다. 국내입양 수가 감소하기 시작한 반면, 국가간 입양의 수는 증가하기 시작했다. 이것은 호주 여성의 사회적 지위가 강화되면서, 이러한 여성이 가족을 유지하려다보니 해외입양이 증가한 것으로 보인다. 호주정부가 이미 과거의 가족해체에 대한 사과를 했다는 점을 고려한다면, 다른 나라에서도 곧 가족해체에 대한 지원을 중단하고 해외입양도 더 이상 이뤄지지 않을 것이라 희망한다. SUMMARY Until the third quarter of the twentieth century, single parenthood was viewed in Australia as shameful for both mother and child. Single mothers were considered to be incompetent and many children were taken from unmarried parents to be adopted by married couples. However, the Federal Government made payments available to single mothers in 1973 and the number of adoptions has reduced steadily since that time. There are now very few adoptions taking place in Australia. Many adoptions took place in the mid 1960s, when there was no reliable long term research available to illustrate the long term emotional outcomes for family members separated by adoption. By the 1980s, however, many of those who had experienced adoption separation in the 1960s were prepared to contribute to research, which was conducted by academics with an interest in the area. Support groups were also created around this time and they began to make submissions to governments, supported by the research, to change the approach to adoption and the laws relating to access to adoption information. As a result, unmarried mothers who are considering adoption now are treated quite differently from the way in which many were treated in the past. Not only are they eligible for a Federal Government allowance, but they are also given counselling and written information about the long term outcomes of adoption prior to the birth. Any decision about adoption cannot be made until the child is at least fourteen days old and, if the decision is made that the child is to be adopted, the mother then has twenty-five days in which she can change her mind. During all of this time, no choice will be made about who is going to adopt the child. Mothers are also encouraged to include the child’s father in the decision-making. The birth certificate of an adopted child may have the names of both sets of parents on it ie the original parents and the adoptive parents. In every state and territory in Australia, adults who were adopted as children are allowed by law to receive a copy of their original birth certificate and other documents relating to their adoption. The first law passed to allow this to happen in Australia was in 1984. Since 1988, in most states in Australia, mothers who have lost children to adoption have had a right to receive a copy of their child’s replacement birth certificate, when the child is an adult. Having these documents allows family members separated by adoption the opportunity to try to trace each other and be reunited. Grieving following a loss is generally considered to be a healthy and productive experience. Because adoption separation has not traditionally been recognised as a loss experience, there has generally not been social support for those who are grieving such a loss. Many mothers who lost children to adoption have experienced a degree of shame and guilt and so they have been encouraged to believe that they are not entitled to grieve. Those who have been adopted are often encouraged to believe that adoption has been a totally positive aspect of their lives and so they too have often been discouraged from expressing any sense of loss or sadness associated with the separation from their families of origin. This has meant that, in many cases, adoption-related grief has been disenfranchised. Post-adoption grief counselling can assist with acknowledging and managing the grief associated with adoption loss. The reunion experience is likely to be more productive if appropriate preparation has been conducted. Social change over the years in Australia has empowered women and given them more access to employment and independence. Because of this, there are very few mothers in Australia in the twenty-first century who consider adoption for their children. For children who are at risk of abuse or neglect in their families, there is now legislation in place designed to care for them in ways which are more child-focussed than adoption. They can now be looked after under a permanent guardianship order, which allows them to retain their identity and their links to family members. In recent years, there have been three Federal Government apologies in Australia, which have had a considerable impact on how Australians view past policies around family separations. The first apology was to the Stolen Generations of Aboriginal Australians, who were taken from their families to be raised in a non-Aboriginal environment. There was also an apology to the Child Migrants, who were brought out to Australia after the Second World War. The third apology was to the Forgotten Australians, who had been raised in institutions. Many of these children were mistreated and some were never able to be reunited with family members. More recently there was an apology from the government of Western Australia to family members who had been adversely affected by past adoption policies and practices. This is believed to have been the first apology of its kind anywhere in the world. It was warmly welcomed by members of the adoption community in Australia and in many other countries. Although there are very few local adoptions in Australia in the twenty-first century, there are still some children being adopted into Australia from other countries. The number of intercountry adoptions began to increase, as the number of locally-born children began to decrease. This suggests that intercountry adoption grew to fill the gap left because of the empowerment of women in Australia which has supported family preservation. Considering the Australian government has already apologised for family breakdowns which have occurred in the past, it is to be hoped that they will soon cease to support breakdowns of families in other countries and put a stop to intercountry adoption.

CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN THE CLASSROOM : KOREA AND AMERICA

ROBINSON JAMES H. 이화여자대학교 동서교육연구소 1982 East west education Vol.3 No.2

최근의 북한정세와 미국의 입장

Robinson, Larry 숭실대학교부설 사회과학연구소 1996 社會科學硏究 Vol.14 No.-

Cough : Diagnosis and Symptomatic Treatment

Robinson, Peter C.,Somogyi, Andrew Medical Publications Korea 1989 Medical Progress Vol.11 No.10

The Second Crisis of Economic Theory : RICHARD T. ELY LECTURE

ROBINSON, JOAN 연세대학교 경영대학원 1972 經營論叢 Vol.7 No.1

In short, we have not got a theory of distribution. We have nothing to say on the people whom economics is supposed to enlighten. Here th second crisis links up with the first. The first crisis failed to be resolved because there was no solution to the problem of maintaining near-full employment without inflation. Experience of inflation has destroyed the conventions governing the acceptance of existing distribution. Everyone can see that his relative earnings depend on the bargaining power of the group that he belongs to. The professors become quite nervous when they are discussing the earnings of the garbage collectors. Now it is clear enough that income from property is not the reward of waiting but the reward of employing a good stock broker. On top of this a sudden freeze comes down. If it is successful it is to keep everyone in the position where he happened to be when the scramble for relative gains was brought to a halt and it will perpetuate the division of income between work and property that happened to exist when it set in. But it does not seem likely that it will be as successful as all that. Rather it will add a political elements to the distribution of bargaining power. Perhaps this is going to create a crisis in the so called free-enterprise economy. I am not talking about that. I am talking about the evident bank ruptcy of economic theory which for the second time has nothing to say on the questions that, to everyone except economists, appear to be most in need of an answer.