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African Women and Higher Education Attainment in the 21st Century : The Challenge Continues
Mbuh, Rebecca N. 숙명여자대학교 아세아여성문제연구소 2006 Asian Women Vol.22 No.1
Current educational policies and educational plans of many African nations have combined with the past practices to limit the ability of women to fully utilize their intellectual energies in the management of their economies. African states inherited gender stereotyped educational systems from the colonial states. To date, little has been done to transform these gender typed systems. The net result is the disproportionate representation of women in educational institutions at all levels, but worse at the higher levels of education. Overall, very few women have access to institutions of higher learning, and those who do enter specific, stereotyped fields. The percentage of female enrollment in institutions of higher learning in African universities in 2002/2003 ranged from 0.34 per cent in Niger to 53 per cent in South Africa (UNESCO 2003). This paper assesses the plight of African women in education at the higher level and examines some of the reasons African women have been so grossly under-represented in managerial and decision-making positions in government, private and other influential sectors. The paper argues that the participation of African women in higher education is very low in large part because of traditional and cultural values that emphasize a woman's roles as wife and mother from a very early age. Additional, the paper discusses other causes of the under-representation of women in higher educational institutions that can be attributed to history and government policies in response to the increasing demand for education. Suggestions for narrowing the gap created by gender inequalities through improving educational policies and practices are advanced to government officials, educators and leaders of the private sectors.
Globalization, Women, and Business : A Study of the Adaptation of African Businesswomen in Korea
Rebecca N. Mbuh 숙명여자대학교 아시아여성연구원 2007 Asian Women Vol.23 No.2
With the embracing of globalization, nations have seen a significant increase in women’s international business participation. Several factors contributed to this shift including improvements or modifications in many national policies, improvements in gender equality laws allowing many African women to engage in business and travel without approval or permission from their husbands, huge reductions in national spending, and an overall declining world economy. Traditionally, the vast majority of people migrating voluntarily have been men. At the start of this new century, the number of women migrants has increased significantly. While many African migrants favor the western countries because of the proximity and ease of getting there, the numbers choosing to migrate to Asian countries is on the rise. The focus of this paper is on African businesswomen in Korea. Specifically, this paper examines reasons for migrating to Korea, challenges/opportunities encountered and coping strategies. Economic opportunities emerged as the main reason for migrating. Other reasons including seeking peace of mind, seeking to start a new life, and running from in-laws were also cited by both the married and unmarried participants in the study.