Length Tension Function of Puborectalis Muscle: Implications for the Treatment of Fecal Incontinence and Pelvic Floor Disorders

( Ravinder K Mittal ),( Geoff Sheean ),( Bikram S Padda ),( Mahadevan R Rajasekaran ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회 2014 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.20 No.4

Background/Aims External anal sphincter (EAS) and puborectalis muscle (PRM) play important role in anal continence function. Based on length-tension measurement, we recently reported that the human EAS muscle operates at short sarcomere length under physiological conditions. Goal of our study was to determine if PRM also operates at the short sarcomere length. Methods Length-tension relationship of the PRM muscle was studied in vivo in 10 healthy nullipara women. Length was altered by vaginal distension using custom-designed probes of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 mm diameters as well as by distending a polyethylene bag with different volumes of water. Probes were equipped with a reverse perfuse sleeve sensor to measure vaginal pressure (surrogate of PRM tension). PRM electromyogram (EMG) was recorded using wire electrodes. Three-dimensional ultrasound images were obtained to determine effect of vaginal distension on PRM length. Results Ultrasound images demonstrate distension volume dependent increase in PRM length. Rest and squeeze pressures of vaginal bag increased with the increase in bag volume. Similarly, the change in vaginal pressure, which represents the PRM contraction increased with the increase in the probe size. Increase in probe size was not associated with an increase in EMG activity (a marker of neural drive) of the PRM. Conclusions Probe size dependent increase in PRM contraction pressure, in the presence of constant EMG (neural input) proves that the human PRM operates at short sarcomere length. Surgically adjusting the PRM length may represent a novel strategy to improve treat anal continence and possibly other pelvic floor disorders.

Crafting Dowries and Dowry

Ravinder Kaur 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 2010 이화여자대학교 아시아여성학센터 학술대회자료집 Vol.2010 No.11

Labio-Velars and Palatals: Coarticulation in a Historical Perspective

Ravinder Gargesh 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2009 남아시아연구 Vol.15 No.2

The present paper attempts to focus on the concept of coarticulation in a historical perspective. But in order to do so, first the concept has been viewed in the light of how it is being used in the field of phonetics and phonology today. Reasons have been given for the acceptance of double articulation and secondary articulation as falling under coarticulation but not cases of assimilation. Next, major historical changes that have taken place in the labio?velars and palatals have been discussed in the context of Indo? European languages, and palatals in particularly in the Indo?Aryan language Kashmiri.

Entanglements of reproductive practices in India : Sex ratios, fertility, birthing and new reproductive technologies

Ravinder Kaur,Paro Mishra,Anindita Mahumdar 이화여자대학교 한국여성연구원 2021 Asian Journal of Women's Studies(AJWS) Vol.27 No.4

Stylistic Analysis of a South Asian Text

Ravinder Gargesh 한국외국어대학교 인도연구소 2010 남아시아연구 Vol.16 No.1

The present paper focuses on the stylistic analysis of a poem Baarah-maah composed in Punjabi folk pattern, which is a part of a more widespread South Asian poetic tradition. This folk poetic tradition is different from the Sanskrit classical tradition for it is composed around the fears and joys, and daily life routines of the ordinary rural folk. The poem is analyzed in the stylistic mode of analysis which takes the language of the poem as the base and reveals in the process the stylistic significations/connotations of the poem. The texture of the poem is highlighted through the different levels of language organization namely, the phonological, lexical, syntactic and the figurative levels. The study of the poem reveals not only highlights the joys and sorrows of ordinary people in the context of separation and ultimate reunion with the loved one but also reveals the stylistic devices that are popular in Punjabi folk literature. The twelve-month pattern of the poem signifies not only the changing seasons but more significantly, the changing emotions of the suffering beloved.

A time-dependent multistate model for bacteriorhodopsin photocycle

Ravinder Kumar Banyal,Gopalakrishna M. Hegde,B. Raghavendra Prasad,K.P.J. Reddy 한국물리학회 2005 Current Applied Physics Vol.5 No.2

A time-dependent theoretical model based on the rate equations for all the photochemical states of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) isdeveloped. A recursive method is adopted to solve the rate equations exactly, with an explicit temporal and intensity dependenceof the population densities. Simulated results for a thin wild type bR lm show that each intermediate state has a optimum popu-lation that depends uniquely on incident intensity and time. The model provides an analytical framework for optimization of bR forvarious electronics and photonic applications.. 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.PACS:42.70.Gi; 82.39.Rt; 87.15.Aa; 87.14.Ee

Review : Longitudinal Muscle Dysfunction in Achalasia Esophagus and Its Relevance

( Ravinder K Mittal ),( Su Jin Hong ),( Valmik Bhargava ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2013 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.19 No.2

Muscularis propria of the esophagus is organized into circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Goal of this review is to summarize the role of longitudinal muscle in physiology and pathophysiology of esophageal sensory and motor function. Simultaneous manometry and ultrasound imaging that measure circular and longitudinal muscle contraction respectively reveal that during peristalsis 2 layers of the esophagus contract in perfect synchrony. On the other hand, during transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), longitudinal muscle contracts independently of circular muscle. Recent studies provide novel insights, i.e., longitudinal muscle contraction of the esophagus induces LES relaxation and possibly descending relaxation of the esophagus. In achalasia esophagus and other motility disorders there is discoordination between the 2 muscle layers. Longitudinal muscle contraction patterns are different in the recently described three types of achalasia identified by high resolution manometry. Robust contraction of the longitudinal muscle in type II achalasia causes pan-esophageal pressurization and is the mechanism of whatever little esophageal emptying that take place in the absence of peristalsis and impaired LES relaxation. It may be that preserved longitudinal muscle contraction is also the reason for superior outcome to medical/surgical therapy in type II achalasia esophagus. Prolonged contractions of longitudinal muscles of the esophagus is a possible mechanism of heartburn and “angina like” pain seen in esophageal motility disorders and possibly achalasia esophagus. Novel techniques to record longitudinal muscle contraction are on the horizon. Neuro-pharmacologic control of circular and longitudinal muscles is different, which provides an important opportunity for the development of novel pharmacological therapies to treat sensory and motor disorders of the esophagus.

The proton whistler wave energization by finite frequency kinetic alfven wave: a numerical approach

Ravinder Goyal,R P Sharma,D N Gupta,Nidhi Gaur 장전수학회 2018 Proceedings of the Jangjeon mathematical society Vol.21 No.4

The proton whistler waves have been detected in spacecraft measurements above the ionosphere of Earth. These are lightning impulses in dispersed form but are distinct from the more common whistlers both in tone and spectral characteristics. These are detected as propagating left-handed polarized waves. The present work focuses the mathematical formulation of transient behavior of proton whistler wave following its nonlinear interaction with small but finite amplitude kinetic Alfven wave in solar wind plasma. The ponderomotive nonlinearity mediating the interaction phenomenon gets injected by pump (relatively higher frequency) kinetic Alfven wave due to density variations which channelizes both waves. The numerical simulation technique employed for this nonlinear interaction study is done through solving second order differential equations governing the propagation of two waves and are coupled through density nonlinearity. The parameters used in this work belong to solar wind plasma at 1 AU. The respective magnetic and electric power spectra indicating turbulent transport of energies for kinetic Alfven wave and proton whistler wave have been obtained and analyzed in the view of recent spacecraft observations of solar wind.

SMEs and Sustainable Tourism -The Case of an Indian Himalayan Destination-

( Ravinder N Batta ) 한국문화관광학회 2013 문화관광연구 Vol.15 No.1

This paper examines the impacts of unplanned growth of tourism SMEs on civic infrastructure and the environment at Manali-a major tourist destination of Himachal Pradesh. Using indicator`s framework, impacts of tourism on the economic, social, environmental aspects are studied and it is seen that SMEs working in isolation are damaging the environment at the destination. While the local community is paying the cost of tourism development in the form of degradation of environmental resources, commercialization of landscape and congestion; majority of the economic benefits are flowing to the expatriates making tourism at the destination unsustainable. For achieving sustainable tourism development at the destination through public-private partnership, a Community Benefit Tourism Initiative (CBTI) model is proposed.

A Robust Fingerprint Matching System Using Orientation Features

( Ravinder Kumar ),( Pravin Chandra ),( Madasu Hanmandlu ) 한국정보처리학회 2016 Journal of information processing systems Vol.12 No.1

The latest research on the image-based fingerprint matching approaches indicates that they are less complex than the minutiae-based approaches when it comes to dealing with low quality images. Most of the approaches in the literature are not robust to fingerprint rotation and translation. In this paper, we develop a robust fingerprint matching system by extracting the circular region of interest (ROI) of a radius of 50 pixels centered at the core point. Maximizing their orientation correlation aligns two fingerprints that are to be matched. The modified Euclidean distance computed between the extracted orientation features of the sample and query images is used for matching. Extensive experiments were conducted over four benchmark fingerprint datasets of FVC2002 and two other proprietary databases of RFVC 2002 and the AITDB. The experimental results show the superiority of our proposed method over the well-known image-based approaches in the literature.