Formulation and Sensory Evaluation of Granule and Tablet fromLotus Rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera Rhizome)

Rajendra Karki,,Kyu-Ho Bang,김동욱 한국자원식물학회 2008 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Nelumbo nucifera root (NNR) is used to clear summerheat (暑熱), bear Yang (陽) upwards and stop bleeding as mentioned in traditional Korean medicine. Also, it has been known that NNR is effective for lowering blood pressure and hyperlipidemia. The rhizome is considered to be nutritive, demulcent, diuretic and cholagogue and is used to treat piles, dyspepsia and diarrhea. An increasingly growing market for nutraceuticals and functional foods has triggered the study on natural sources for nutraceuticals, health foods and functional foods. But rhizome was inconvenient to formulate liquid dosage form (extract) by way of hot water because of its limited storage. Also the majority of the consumers have a complaint against the dosage. The purpose of this study was to develop the functional materials from NNR without side effects. We formulated the solid dosage form viz tablet and granule from the lotus root. Sensory evaluation was performed in terms of smell, taste, color and overall of lotus root and all colored forms (brown, dark brown, light green and yellow) of tablet and granule to evaluate the acceptability of the formulated tablets and granules. In sensory evaluation, among the formulated tablets and granules, light green granules obtained best score overall and yellow tablets showed the overall improved acceptability. In conclusion, lotus rhizome could be recommended as functional food. Further studies to clarify bioactive functions of Nelumbo nucifera in experimental animal model on atopic dermatitis are in progress.

Effect of Nelumbo nucifera on Proliferation, Migration and Expressionof MMP-2 and MMP-9 of rSMC, A431 and MDA-MB-231

Rajendra Karki,,류동영,김동욱 한국자원식물학회 2008 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.21 No.1

Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (family Nymphaeaceae) has been used for summer heat syndrome ashome remedy in Japan, China and Korea. Although whole plant parts are edible, root is commonly consumed. It has been reported that rhizome extract showed anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, in spite of usefulness for treatment of various diseases, the effect of Nelumbo nucifera rhizome (NNR) on proliferation, migration and matrix degrading enzymes-matrix metalloproteinsases (MMPs), the expression of which degrades extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to metastasis, has not been fully elucidated. We examined the effect of hot water extract of NNR on the proliferation, migration and secretion of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in rat smooth muscle cells (rSMC), epidermoid cancer cells (A431) and breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231). The proliferation assay was carried out using MTT assay, the principle of which depends upon the conversion of MTT by mitochondrial dehydrogensases of viable cells to formazan crystals. The effect of NNR on migration of cells was examined using wound healing assay. Our results showed that there was inhibition in the proliferation, migration and expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in dose dependent fashion in all the cells used. Thus, we concluded that NNR could be used as traditional medicine in the treatment of various diseases where proliferation, migration and MMPs’expression plays a pathological role like in restenosis and metastasis.

Poster Session:PS 0194 ; Endocrinology : Increased Serum Hs-Crp Level in Conjunction with Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Subclinical Hypothyroidism

( Rajendra Kc ),( Madhab Lamsal ),( Prahlad Karki ),( Shankar Majhi ),( Nirmal Baral ) 대한내과학회 2014 대한내과학회 추계학술대회 Vol.2014 No.1

Background: Several potential cardiovascular risk factors were reported in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) but the association still remains controversial therefore, we aimed to evaluate cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. Methods: A total of 100 subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism and 100 age and gender matched euthyroid controls, were included in the study. Serum free T3, free T4 and TSH were estimated by fl uorescent immunoassay. Total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were assayed by enzymatic colorimetric method, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) by enzyme immunoassay. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 20. Results: Mean levels of diastolic blood pressure (82.1±6.0 vs 79.1±6.1 mmHg, p=0.001), total cholesterol (199.6±31.6 vs 184.3±30.8 mg/dl, p=0.001) and LDL-C (104.0±27.5 vs 94.6±25.4, p=0.012), and median hs-CRP (0.92 (0.30-2.17) vs 0.56 (0.33-1.35), p=0.03) were significantly higher in SCH than the euthyroids. Within the SCH group, mean diastolic blood pressure, TC, LDL-C, and median hs-CRP levels were signifi cantly higher in subjects with TSH=10 mU/L than those with TSH<10 mU/ L. Individual analysis revealed that the prevalence of borderline elevated total cholesterol (=200mg/dL), elevated LDL-C (=100mg/dL) and raised hs-CRP (=3mg/L) were signifi cantly higher in SCH than ineuthyroid group. TSH levels in SCH was positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure (r=0.33, p=0.001), total cholesterol (r=0.39, p<0.001), LDL-C (r=0.42, p<0.001) and hs-CRP (r=0.51, p<0.001). Conclusions: Subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with higher diastolic blood pressure, higher total cholesterol, LDL-C and higher hs-CRP levels, this might increase the risk of accelerated arteriosclerosis.

Inhibitory Effect of Chlorogenic Acid on Low-Density Lipoprotein Oxidation Induced by Cu ion

Jeon, Eun-Raye,Karki, Rajendra,Kim, Dong-Wook The Plant Resources Society of Korea 2010 한국자원식물학회지 Vol.23 No.6

Chlorogenic acid, formed of an ester of caffeic acid and quinic acid, which is naturally abundant in many plant species, was used as a model O-dihydoxy phenolic compound. In the previous study, we have reported that the isolated constituent from Apocynum venetum leaves has an inhibitory effect on $Cu^{2+}$-induced oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Among them, chlorogenic acid showed the most potent anti-LDL oxidative activity than other compounds. For the reason, we investigated the inhibitory effect of the chlorogenic acid on $Cu^{2+}$-induced oxidative modification of LDL, monitored a lag time in the conjugated-diene formation and TBARS formation, and measured TNBS free amino acid group, and form cell formation in vitro system. The TBARS- and diene- formation were strongly inhibited by chlorogenic acid ($0{\sim}100\;{\mu}g/ml$) with dose dependent manner. On the other hand, TNBS reactive lysine amino groups on LDL oxidation were protected by chlorogenic acid- treated cell group. Therefore, chlorogenic acid inhibited to cholesterol accumulation in the isolated peritoneal macrophage.

Regulated cell death pathways and their roles in homeostasis, infection, inflammation, and tumorigenesis

Lee Ein,Song Chang-Hyun,Bae Sung-Jin,Ha Ki-Tae,Karki Rajendra 생화학분자생물학회 2023 Experimental and molecular medicine Vol.55 No.-

Pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, which are the most well-studied regulated cell death (RCD) pathways, contribute to the clearance of infected or potentially neoplastic cells, highlighting their importance in homeostasis, host defense against pathogens, cancer, and a wide range of other pathologies. Although these four RCD pathways employ distinct molecular and cellular processes, emerging genetic and biochemical studies have suggested remarkable flexibility and crosstalk among them. The crosstalk among pyroptosis, apoptosis and necroptosis pathways is more evident in cellular responses to infection, which has led to the conceptualization of PANoptosis. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the molecular mechanisms of pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis and their importance in maintaining homeostasis. We discuss the intricate crosstalk among these RCD pathways and the current evidence supporting PANoptosis, focusing on infectious diseases and cancer. Understanding the fundamental processes of various cell death pathways is crucial to inform the development of new therapeutics against many diseases, including infection, sterile inflammation, and cancer.