중세에서의 신학과 신학함 : 중세 스콜라 신학의 방법론과 배경에 대한 일고(一考)

전광식 고신대학교 고신신학연구회 1999 고신신학 Vol.- No.1

Die scholastische Theologie im Mittelalter ist der Form nach die Theologie der kirchlichen(katholischen) Autorität einerseits und dem Wesen nach die philosophische Theologie andererseits. Von ihrer kirchlichen Form nahm sie autoritas als ihre erste Methode für Theologie und Theologieren an. Der zweite Weg des scholastischen Theologierens ist ratio, welches durch ihre Einführung der philosophischen Methodologie in die Dogmenbildungen und in die Universalienstreiten verursacht wurde. Die meditatio ist die dritte Methode, die zunächst von der klösterlichen Theologierung gestammt und dann aus ihrem Streben nach Eigentümlichkeit der Theologie gebildet wird. Diese drei Methoden der scholastischen Theologie beziehen sich auf die philosophisch-theologischen Hintergründe: die kirchliche auctoritas und traditio auf die philosophische Theologie des Platons-Augustinus, die spekulative ratio auf die Logik(Organon) des Aristoteles und die klösterliche meditatio auf die theologia negativa des Neuplatonismus. Die scholastische Theologie des mittelalterlich-katholischen Kirchentums ist im Wesentlichen eine heterogen gemischter Typ des biblisches Motivs(Schöpfung - Fall - Erlösung) mit dem hellenischen Motiv(Form und Materie). Entweder im positiven Sinne oder im negativen Sinne kann das von der Scholastik beherrschte Zeitalter als Zeitalter der Theologie und Theologierens betrachtet werden, insbesondere im Vergleich mit der unseren verweltlichten Zeit. Wir sollen die positiven Aspekte der scholastischen Theologie nicht versehen: die tiefen Bibelkenntnisse, die breiten Theologiestudien, die leidenschaftliche Selbstaufopferung zu Forschungen, die tiefgründige Spiritualität durch oratio und meditatio usw. Sowohl die Grundlage als auch das Inhalt des scholstischen Denkens sind aber unter aller Kritik. Das auctoritas selbst soll ja nicht vernicht werden, insofern wie die kanonische Bibel als einzige Autorität für den theologischen Systembau aufgenommen wird. Die scholastische Theologie aber hat viele Autoritäten wie Papst, Kirche, Tradition und Personen außer der Bibel aufgestellt. Wenn die ratio als eine entscheidende Mehtode der Theologie angeführt würde, dann könnte die Übematürlichkeit der biblischen Wahrheitselementen ausgeschlossen oder verdreht werden. Und wenn die meditatio und die contemplatio eine wichtige Rolle im Theologieren spielen, wird die Theologie in eine Fallgrube von Subjektivismus, Spiritualismus und Relativismus hineinfallen, d.h. die Theologie wird verpsychologisiert. Die christliche Theologie muß sich auf der Bibel als principium extemum einerseits und auf dem Heiligen Geist als principium internum andererseits aufrichten.

Making a Niche: North American Voice Actors and Korean Intermediaries in Seoul, Korea

Douglas R. Gress Assistant Pro 대한지리학회 2007 대한지리학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.- No.-

Soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine (Lupinus angustifolius) with enzymes in broiler diets

Fredy Mera-Zuniga,Arturo Pro-Martinez,Juan F Zamora-Natera,Eliseo Sosa-Montes,Juan D Guerrero-Rodriguez,Sergio I Mendoza-Pedroza,Juan M Cuca-Garcia,Rosa M Lopez-Romero,David Chan-Diaz,Carlos M Becerri 아세아·태평양축산학회 2019 Animal Bioscience Vol.32 No.4

Objective: Evaluate the effects of i) dehulling of lupine seed on chemical composition and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and ii) soybean meal substitution by dehulled lupine seed in broiler diets with enzymes on productive performance, size of digestive organs and welfare-related variables. Methods: Experiment 1, chemical composition and AME were determined in whole and dehulled lupine seed. Experiment 2, two hundred eighty-eight one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were used. The experimental diets were maize-soybean meal (MS), MS with enzymes (MSE) and maize-dehulled lupine seed with enzymes (MLE). Diets were assigned to the experimental units under a completely randomized design (eight replicates per diet). The body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, feed conversion, digestive organ weights, gait score, latency to lie down and valgus/varus angulation were evaluated. Results: The dehulling process increased protein (25.0% to 31.1%), AME (5.9 to 8.8 MJ/kg) and amino acid contents. The BW gain of broilers fed the MLE diet was similar (p>0.05) to that of those fed the MS diet, but lower than that of those fed the MSE diet. Feed intake of broilers fed the MLE diet was higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS diet and similar (p>0.05) to those fed the MSE diet. Feed conversion of broilers fed the MLE diet was 8.0% and 8.7% higher (p<0.05) than that of those fed the MS and MSE diets, respectively. Broilers fed the MLE diet had the highest (p<0.05) relative proventriculus and gizzard weights, but had poor welfare-related variables. Conclusion: It is possible to substitute soybean meal by dehulled lupine seed with enzymes in broiler diets, obtaining similar BW gains in broilers fed the MLE and MS diets; however, a higher feed intake is required. Additionally, the MLE diet reduced welfare-related variables.

Kinematics and Kinetics of the Lower Limbs of a Walking Shoe with a Plate Spring and Cushioning Elements in the Heel during Walking

Park, Seung-Bum,Stefanyshyn, Darren,Pro, Stergiou,Fausto, Panizzolo,Kim, Yong-Jae,Lee, Kyung-Deuk Korean Society of Sport Biomechanics 2010 한국운동역학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The purposes of this study was to investigate the biomechanical influence of the walking shoe with a plate spring in the heel and interchangeable heel cushioning elements. Eighteen subjects walked in three conditions: 1) the walking shoes Type A-1 with a soft heel insert, 2) the Type A-2 shoe with a stiff heel insert, 3) a general walking shoe(Type B). Ground reaction forces, leg movements, leg muscle activity and ankle, knee and hip joint loading were measured and calculated during overground walking. During walking, the ankle is a few degrees more dorsiflexed during landing and the knee is slightly more flexed during takeoff with the Type A shoes. As a result of the changes in the walking movement, the ground reaction forces are applied more quickly and the peak magnitudes are higher. Muscle activity of the quadricep, hamstring and calf muscles decrease during the first 25% of the stance phase when walking in the Type A shoes. The resultant joint moments at the ankle, knee and hip joints decrease from 30-40% with the largest reductions occurring during landing.

Kinematics and Kinetics of the Lower Limbs of a Walking Shoe with a Plate Spring and Cushioning Elements in the Heel during Walking

( Seung Bum Park ),( Darren Stefanyshyn ),( Stergiou Pro ),( Panizzolo Fausto ),( Yong Jae Kim ),( Kyung Deuk Lee ) 한국운동역학회 2010 한국운동역학회지 Vol.20 No.1

The purposes of this study was to investigate the biomechanical influence of the walking shoe with a plate spring in the heel and interchangeable heel cushioning elements. Eighteen subjects walked in three conditions: 1) the walking shoes Type A-1 with a soft heel insert, 2) the Type A-2 shoe with a stiff heel insert, 3) a general walking shoe(Type B). Ground reaction forces, leg movements, leg muscle activity and ankle, knee and hip joint loading were measured and calculated during overground walking. During walking, the ankle is a few degrees more dorsiflexed during landing and the knee is slightly more flexed during takeoff with the Type A shoes. As a result of the changes in the walking movement, the ground reaction forces are applied more quickly and the peak magnitudes are higher. Muscle activity of the quadricep, hamstring and calf muscles decrease during the first 25% of the stance phase when walking in the Type A shoes. The resultant joint moments at the ankle, knee and hip joints decrease from 30-40% with the largest reductions occurring during landing.

Productive performance of Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age fed diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy and crude protein

Matus-Aragon, Miguel Angel,Gonzalez-Ceron, Fernando,Salinas-Ruiz, Josafhat,Sosa-Montes, Eliseo,Pro-Martinez, Arturo,Hernandez-Mendo, Omar,Cuca-Garcia, Juan Manuel,Chan-Diaz, David Jesus Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2021 Animal Bioscience Vol.34 No.11

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the productive performance, carcass yield, size of digestive organs and nutrient utilization in Mexican Creole chickens, using four diets with different concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME, kcal/kg) and crude protein (CP, %). Methods: Two hundred thirty-six chickens, coming from eight incubation batches, were randomly distributed to four experimental diets with the following ME/CP ratios: 3,000/20, 2,850/19, 2,700/18 and 2,550/17. Each diet was evaluated with 59 birds from hatching to 12 weeks of age. The variables feed intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion (FC), mortality, carcass yield, size of digestive organs, retention of nutrients, retention efficiency of gross energy (GE) and CP, and excretion of N were recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design with repeated measures using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS, with covariance AR (1) and adjustment of degrees of freedom (Kendward-Roger), the adjusted means were compared with the least significant difference method at a significance level of 5%. Results: The productive performance variables BWG, mortality, carcass yield, fat and GE retention and excretion of N were not different (p>0.05) due to the diet effect. In the 3,000/20 diet, the chickens had lower values of FI, FC, crop weight, gizzard weight, retention, and retention efficiency of CP (p<0.05) than the chickens of the 2,550/17 diet. Conclusion: The Mexican Creole chickens from hatching to 12 weeks of age can be feed with a diet with 2,550 kcal ME and 17% CP, without compromising productive parameters (BWG, mortality, carcass yield) but improving retention and retention efficiency of CP.