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Damages for atent Unfringement accordinf to German Law
Peter Meier-Beck 한국지식재산학회 2004 産業財産權 Vol.- No.15
The German legal process for dealing with patent infringement has proved to be a highly effective means of enforcing patents. Traditionally its strengths have been in the speed and relatively low cost of enforcing claims for injunctions against anyone infringing a patent. One of the main reasons for this is that, under the German legal system, the infringement proceedings are strictly separated from the invalidation proceedings, and are heard by different courts. This study gives a picture of what constitutes damages for patent infringement in Germany and briefly examine the normal course of procedure when an action for damages is heard by the courts.
Peter Meier-Beck 한국지식재산학회 2004 産業財産權 Vol.- No.15
The German legal process for dealing with patent infringement has proved to be a highly effective means of enforcing patents. Traditionally its strengths have been in the speed and relatively low cost of enforcing claims for injunctions against anyone infringing a patent. One of the main reasons for this is that, under the German legal system, the infringement proceedings are strictly separated from the invalidation proceedings, and are heard by different courts. This study gives a picture of what constitutes damages for patent infringement in Germany and briefly examine the normal course of procedure when an action for damages is heard by the courts.
Peter Foged Larsen,Einar Eg Nielsen,Michael Møller Hansen,Tobias Wang,Kristian Meier,Cino Pertoldi,Volker Loeschcke 한국유전학회 2013 Genes & Genomics Vol.35 No.4
Recent genetic analyses of candidate genes and gene expression in marine fishes have provided evidence of local adaptation in response to environmental differences,despite the lack of strong signals of population structure from conventional neutral genetic markers. In this study expression of the haemoglobin alpha and beta subunit genes was studied in reciprocally transplanted European flounder Platichthys flesus from the highly saline North Sea and the brackish Baltic Sea. Clear differences in expression patterns of haemoglobin alpha and beta subunit genes were found among different types of tissue in flounder. In gill tissue a plastic response to salinity treatments was observed with general up-regulation of these genes concomitant with higher salinity. For liver tissue a population specific expression differences was observed with lower expression at simulated non-native compared to native salinities. Finally, for kidney tissue a stress response was observed in one population, with gene up-regulation when North Sea flounders were transplanted to low salinity. This study underlines the importance of tissue specific gene expression and the significance of gene expression for evolution of local adaptation in high gene flow marine fishes.
Shuai Zheng,Christine Kim,Peter Meier,David Sibbritt,Chris Zaslawski 사단법인약침학회 2017 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.10 No.4
Currently, there is no definitive diagnosis or list of signs and symptoms for “stress” in either modern biomedicine or Chinese medicine (CM). While modern theories on stress relate to the neurological interaction of a stressor or stimuli on the autonomic nervous system, it is generally regarded as subjective in nature and as such each individual will likely present varying somatic or cognitive signs and symptoms. A questionnaire was therefore developed, based on textual research, that incorporated both general as well as gender specific signs and symptom responses to determine the most common CM patterns associated with individuals who report as feeling stressed. For the 45 females who completed the questionnaire, the mean percentage of symptoms per CM pattern showed that the pattern with the highest average percentage was heart qi deficiency (61.88%) followed by liver blood deficiency (60.23%) and then heart blood deficiency (60.12%). For males (n Z 16), heart qi deficiency was also the highest scoring CM pattern with a scoring percentage of 54.81%. In males, however, heart blood deficiency was second with 53.29% followed by liver blood deficiency with 51.10%. Of the general non gender-specific symptoms collected (n Z 65 symptoms), the symptom most commonly reported by both men and women was “anxious or racing thoughts”, followed by “constant worrying” and “inability to concentrate”. The CM diagnostic pattern results may prove useful for clinicians as the change in diagnostic understanding will also modify the treatment principle and subsequent treatment with acupuncture or herbal medicine. Future CM research studies should consider including the questionnaire either as a diagnostic aid or as an outcome measure for acupuncture or herbal medicine studies related to stress.
Shuai Zheng,Sara Lal,Peter Meier,David Sibbritt,Chris Zaslawski 사단법인약침학회 2014 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.7 No.3
Stress is a major problem in today’s fast-paced society and can lead to serious psychoso- matic complications. The ancient Chinese mindebody exercise of Tai Chi may provide an alternative and self-sustaining option to pharmaceutical medication for stressed individ- uals to improve their coping mechanisms. The protocol of this study is designed to eval- uate whether Tai Chi practice is equivalent to standard exercise and whether the Tai Chi group is superior to a wait-list control group in improving stress coping levels. This study is a 6-week, three-arm, parallel, randomized, clinical trial designed to evaluate Tai Chi practice against standard exercise and a Tai Chi group against a nonactive control group over a period of 6 weeks with a 6-week follow-up. A total of 72 healthy adult participants (aged 18e60 years) who are either Tai Chi naı ¨ve or have not practiced Tai Chi in the past 12 months will be randomized into a Tai Chi group (n = 24), an exercise group (n = 24) or a wait-list group (n = 24). The primary outcome measure will be the State Trait Anxiety Inventory with secondary outcome measures being the Perceived Stress Scale 14, heart rate variability, blood pressure, Short Form 36 and a visual analog scale. The protocol is reported using the appropriate Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Inter- ventional Trials (SPIRIT) items.
Dale S. Elsdon,Selina Spanswick,Chris Zaslawski,Peter C. Meier 사단법인약침학회 2017 Journal of Acupuncture & Meridian Studies Vol.10 No.1
A protocol for a prospective single-blind parallel four-arm randomized placebo-controlled trial with repeated measures was designed to test the effects of various acupuncture methods compared with sham. Eighty self-selected participants with myofascial pain in the upper trapezius muscle were randomized into four groups. Group 1 received acupuncture to a myofascial trigger point (MTrP) in the upper trapezius. Group 2 received acupuncture to the MTrP in addition to relevant distal points. Group 3 received acupuncture to the relevant distal points only. Group 4 received a sham treatment to both the MTrP and distal points using a deactivated acupuncture laser device. Treatment was applied four times within 2 weeks with outcomes measured throughout the trial and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks posttreatment. Outcome measurements were a 100-mm visual analog pain scale, SF-36, pressure pain threshold, Neck Disability Index, the Upper Extremity Functional Index, lateral flexion in the neck, McGill Pain Questionnaire, Massachusetts General Hospital Acupuncture Sensation Scale, Working Alliance Inventory (short form), and the Credibility Expectance Questionnaire. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures were used to assess the differences between groups.