Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Excretion in Broiler Starter Chicks Fed Varied Concentrations of Cholecalciferol

Rama Rao, S.V.,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Shyam Sunder, G.,Panda, A.K.,Pavani, P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2007 Animal Bioscience Vol.20 No.2

An experiment was conducted to study the growth performance, bone mineralization and mineral excretion in broiler starter chicks fed high levels of cholecalciferol (CC) at sub-optimal levels of calcium (Ca) and non-phytate phosphorus (NPP). Five hundred and sixty day-old Vencobb female broiler chicks were housed in raised wire floor stainless steel battery brooder pens ($24"{\times}30"{\times}18"$) at the rate of five chicks per pen. A maize-soyabean meal basal diet was supplemented with dicalcium phosphate, oyster shell powder and synthetic CC to arrive at two levels each of Ca (0.50 and 0.60%), and NPP (0.25 and 0.30%) and four levels of CC (200, 1,200, 2,400 and 3,600 ICU/kg) in a $2{\times}3{\times}4$ factorial design. Each diet was fed ad libitum to chicks in 7 pens from 2 to 21days of age. Body weight gain, feed intake and bone weight increased (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC at both the Ca and NPP levels tested. The CC levels required to obtain significant improvement in body weight gain and feed intake reduced (2,400 ICU/kg vs. 1,200 ICU/kg) with increase in levels of P in diet (0.25% vs. 0.3%, respectively). The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p<0.05) with increase in level of CC from 200 to 1,200 ICU/kg diet at 0.5% Ca, while at 0.6% Ca, the level of CC in diet did not influence the feed efficiency. Tibia mineralization (density, breaking strength and ash content) and Ca and P contents in serum increased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in levels of CC in diet. The CC effect on these parameters was more pronounced at lower levels of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). The data on body weight gain and feed intake indicated that NPP level in diet can be reduced from 0.30 to 0.25% by increasing CC from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg. Similarly, the bone mineralization (tibia weight, density and ash content) increased non-linearly (p<0.01) with increase in CC levels in diet. Concentrations of P and Mn in excreta decreased (p<0.01), by increasing CC level from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg diet. It can be concluded that dietary levels of Ca and NPP could be reduced to 0.50 and 0.25%, respectively by enhancing the levels of cholecalciferol from 200 to 2,400 ICU/kg with out affecting body weight gain, feed efficiency and bone mineralization. Additionally, phosphorus and manganese excretion decreased with increase in levels of CC in broiler diet.

Dietary Calcium and Non-phytin Phosphorus Interaction on Growth, Bone Mineralization and Mineral Retention in Broiler Starter Chicks

Rao, S.V. Rama,Raju, M.V.L.N.,Reddy, M.R.,Pavani, P.,Sunder, G. Shyam,Sharma, R.P. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2003 Animal Bioscience Vol.16 No.5

An experiment was conducted to study the requirement of calcium (Ca) and non-phytin phosphorus (NPP) in commercial broilers during starter phase. Seven hundred and twenty day-old Vencob male broiler chicks were randomly distributed into 144 stainless steel battery brooders, 5 birds in each. Four levels each of Ca (6, 7, 8, and 9 g/kg) and NPP (3, 3.5, 4, and 4.5 g/kg diet) were fed in a factorial design in a corn-soya basal diet. Levels of dicalcium phosphate and oyster shell grit were adjusted to obtain the desired levels of Ca and NPP. Each diet was fed ad libidum to chicks in 9 battery brooders from one d to 21 d of age. Body weight gain and feed intake were depressed (p<0.01) by increasing the dietary Ca level (8 and 9 g/kg) at lower levels of NPP (3 and 3.5 g/kg diet). The growth depression observed at lower NPP level was alleviated by reducing the Ca content to 6 g/kg diet. The tibia ash content and tibia breaking strength increased with increase in both Ca (>6 g/kg) and NPP (>3 g/kg) levels. The leg abnormality score decreased (p<0.01) with increase in NPP content in the diet at all levels of Ca tested. The serum Ca and inorganic P levels were increased with increase in the level of the respective mineral in the diet, but the serum concentration of Ca and P were inversely related to the level of NPP and Ca, respectively /kg diet. In general, the excretion of macro minerals (Ca, and P), and micro minerals {zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} was significantly lower at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested (6 and 3 g/kg diet, respectively). The mineral excretion increased with increase in dietary Ca and NPP levels, more conspicuously at the disproportionate ratio of these minerals (>2:1, Ca and NPP). Similarly, the retention of Zn, Mn, and Fe in liver was significantly higher (p<0.01) at lower levels of Ca and NPP tested. Results from this study indicate that the commercial broilers do not require more than 3 g NPP and 6g Ca/kg diet during starter phase (up to 21 d of age) for optimum weight gain, feed efficiency and utilization of Ca, P, Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu. However, the requirements of these minerals for optimum bone mineralization were higher than the levels suggested above.

Improved dielectric and AC conductivity properties of P(VDF-TrFE)-Nafion blends for high-temperature flexible capacitor applications

Thirmal C.,Mohan P. Nikhil,Suresh G.,Raju K.C. James,Vishwam T. 한국물리학회 2022 Current Applied Physics Vol.44 No.-

The free-standing poly (vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFe)] and P(VDF-TrFe)-Nafion blended films were fabricated using the casting method. The XRD and FTIR confirmed the electro-active β-phase of P (VDF-TrFe). The morphological changes were studied through SEM analysis of the blends. The dielectric and ac conductivity measurements were carried out as a function of temperature from 30 ◦C to 130 ◦C in the frequency range of 100 Hz - 1 MHz. The dielectric constant reveled a ferroelectric to paraelectric transition in all the samples with a decrease in the transition temperature of the blends. The temperature-dependent ac conductivity and power law analysis demonstrated the presence of a correlated barrier hoping mechanism with a change in the motional behavior in the blends. The blended films exhibited low dielectric loss and more stable dielecric properties with temperature in comparison to P(VDF-TrFe). These films demonstrated the potential to be used in high-temperature flexible capacitor applications.

Tubular Si-infiltrated SiC_f/SiC composites for solar receiver application—Part 1: Fabrication by replica and electrophoretic deposition

Ortona, A.,Fend, T.,Yu, H.W.,Raju, K.,Fitriani, P.,Yoon, D.H. Elsevier 2015 Solar energy materials and solar cells Vol.132 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Tubular Si-infiltrated SiC<SUB>f</SUB>/SiC composites composed of an inner cellular ceramic and an outer dense ceramic matrix composite (CMC) skin were fabricated by the electrophoretic deposition of matrix phases followed by Si-infiltration for solar receiver applications in concentrated solar energy. Using a combined replica method with the 3D printing of polymeric inks, 3 types of the inner cellular ceramics were produced to examine the permeability and heat transfer properties depending on their structure. To form a gastight dense skin layer, SiC fibers were layered on the cylindrical cellular ceramics by filament winding. The resulting preforms were infiltrated by electrophoretic deposition with SiC and carbon black particles and then by molten Si at 1550°C. The fabrication process, resulting microstructure, and oxidation behavior of the composites at 1400 and 1600°C in air are explained in Part 1. The thermophysical properties will be explained in Part 2. Overall, this hybrid method is a suitable processing technology for fabricating SiC<SUB>f</SUB>/SiC-based solar receivers.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Novel approach using 3D printer for the fabrication of engineered SiC-based cellular ceramics for solar receiver application. </LI> <LI> Introducing a new technique which was proven to be a suitable fabrication method of high temperature solar receiver. </LI> <LI> Desirable mechanical properties and oxidation test results for practical solar receiver applications. </LI> </UL> </P>

Development of Nanoparticle-Based High Current Density Cathode for THz Devices Application

Barik, R. K.,Singh, A. K.,Shukla, S.,Singh, T. P.,Raju, R. S.,Park, G.-S Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2016 IEEE transactions on electron devices Vol.63 No.4

<P>Scandia (Sc2O3)-doped tungsten nanoparticle-based high current density cathode is developed for the application in terahertz (THz) devices. This paper involves synthesis of scandia-doped tungsten nanoparticle powder using chemical technique, estimation of optimum porosity, and development of pellet with required porosity by optimizing process parameters. The cathode, made out of the above pellet, is tested in an analytical system containing Auger electron spectroscope and anode. The results show that the cathode can deliver more than 100 A/cm(2) current density with stable emission-strongly recommending it as a candidate for the use in a THz device. Theoretical estimates show that the void porosity is to be kept at 21% for proper surface coverage to produce good emission with long life.</P>

Performance of non-prismatic simply supported prestressed concrete beams

P. Markandeya Raju,K. Rajsekhar,T. Raghuram Sandeep 국제구조공학회 2014 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.52 No.4

Prestressing is the most commonly employed technique in bridges and long span beams incommercial buildings as prestressing results in slender section with higher load carrying capacities. Thiswork is an attempt to study the performance of a minimum weight prestressed concrete beam adopting a non-prismatic section so that there will be a reduction in the volume of concrete which in turn reduces the self-weight of the structure. The effect of adopting a non-prismatic section on parameters like prestressing force, area of prestressing steel, bending stresses, shear stresses and percentage loss of prestress are established theoretically. The analysis of non-prismatic prestressed beams is based on the assumption of pure bending theory. Equations are derived for dead load bending moment, eccentricity, and depth at any requiredsection. Based on these equations an algorithm is developed which does the stress checks for the givensection for every 500 mm interval of the span. Limit state method is used for the design of beam and finitedifference method is used for finding out the deflection of a non-prismatic beam. All the parameters of nonprismatic prestressed concrete beams are compared with that of the rectangular prestressed concrete members and observed that minimum weight design and economical design are not same. Minimum weight design results in the increase in required area of prestressing steel.

Performance of non-prismatic simply supported prestressed concrete beams

Raju, P. Markandeya,Rajsekhar, K.,Sandeep, T. Raghuram Techno-Press 2014 Structural Engineering and Mechanics, An Int'l Jou Vol.52 No.4

Prestressing is the most commonly employed technique in bridges and long span beams in commercial buildings as prestressing results in slender section with higher load carrying capacities. This work is an attempt to study the performance of a minimum weight prestressed concrete beam adopting a non-prismatic section so that there will be a reduction in the volume of concrete which in turn reduces the self-weight of the structure. The effect of adopting a non-prismatic section on parameters like prestressing force, area of prestressing steel, bending stresses, shear stresses and percentage loss of prestress are established theoretically. The analysis of non-prismatic prestressed beams is based on the assumption of pure bending theory. Equations are derived for dead load bending moment, eccentricity, and depth at any required section. Based on these equations an algorithm is developed which does the stress checks for the given section for every 500 mm interval of the span. Limit state method is used for the design of beam and finite difference method is used for finding out the deflection of a non-prismatic beam. All the parameters of nonprismatic prestressed concrete beams are compared with that of the rectangular prestressed concrete members and observed that minimum weight design and economical design are not same. Minimum weight design results in the increase in required area of prestressing steel.

Strain mediated magnetoelectric coupling in a NiFe₂O₄–BaTiO₃ multiferroic composite

Gorige, Venkataiah,Kati, Raju,Yoon, D H,Anil Kumar, P S IOP 2016 Journal of Physics. D, Applied Physics Vol.49 No.40

<P>In this paper we demonstrate significant magnetoelectric coupling in ferrimagnetic, NiFe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB>, and ferroelectric, BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB>, multiferroic composite bulk materials by measuring temperature dependent magnetization. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and high resolution transmission electron microscopy data show that the two phases coexist with a highly crystalline and sharp interface without any detectable impurities, which enables significant magnetoelectric (ME) coupling. The temperature dependent magnetization data of the composite clearly show the jumps in magnetization curves at the structural phase transitions of BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB>, thereby indicating their origin in ME coupling. The change in coercivity of composite sample in different ferroelectric phases of BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> has been observed compared to the NiFe<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>4</SUB> sample. The different lattice strains corresponding to different ferroelectric phases of BaTiO<SUB>3</SUB> could be the driving force for modulating the magnetization and coercivity of the composite material. This is clear evidence of strain mediated ME coupling in ferrimagnetic and ferroelectric composite materials.</P>

Photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence properties of Sr₂Gd₈Si₆O₂₆:RE³⁺(RE³⁺=Tb³⁺or Sm³⁺) phosphors

Hussain, Sk.K.,Rao, G.M.,Raju, G.S.R.,Krishna Bharat, L.,Subba Rao, P.S.V.,Yu, J.S. Elsevier [etc.] 2016 Journal of luminescence Vol.178 No.-

<P>Trivalent terbium (Tb3+) or samarium (Sm3+) ions individually activated green and orange emitting Sr2Gd8Si6O26 (SGSO) phosphors were synthesized by a citrate sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction patterns of SGSO:Tb3+ and SGSO:Sm3+ phosphors exhibited the characteristic diffraction peaks of oxyapatite in a hexagonal lattice structure. The photoluminescence (PL) properties at ultraviolet (UV) or near-UV excitation wavelengths were measured for Tb3+ or Sm3+ ions doped SGSO phosphors as a function of its respective concentration. The PL spectra of SGSO:Tb3+ phosphors revealed the characteristic emission peaks of both Gd3+ and Tb3+ ions which are associated with 4f-4f transitions under 274 nm of excitation wavelength. When the concentration of Tb3+ ions increased over 0.05 mol (5 mol%), the emission intensities of D-5(3) transitions decreased due to the well-known cross-relaxation process. However, based on the intensities of D-5(4) transitions, the optimum concentration of Tb3+ ions was found to be 0.05 mol. Under 404 nm of excitation wavelength, the SGSO:Sm3+ phosphors exhibited the characteristic orange emission at 600 nm due to the (4)G(5/2) -> H-6(7/2) electronic transition. The optimum concentration of SGSO:Sm3+ phosphors was found to be 0.02 mol. The decay curves of the optimized SGSO:Tb3+ and SGSO:Sm3+ phosphors were well fitted to single exponential functions and their lifetimes were calculated. Furthermore, the optimized phosphor samples showed good thermal stability. Likewise, cathodoluminescence properties were also studied for the optimized samples as a function of filament current and accelerating voltage. The Commission International de I-Eclairage chromaticity coordinates were calculated for the SGSO:Tb3+ and SGSO:Sm3+ phosphors. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.</P>

Tunable emissions <i>via</i> the white region from Sr₂Gd₈(SiO₄)₆O₂:RE³⁺ (RE³⁺: Dy³⁺, Tm³⁺, Eu³⁺) phosphors

Rao, Gattupalli Manikya,Seeta Rama Raju, G.,Hussain, Sk. Khaja,Pavitra, E.,Rao, P. S. V. Subba,Yu, Jae Su The Royal Society of Chemistry 2016 NEW JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY Vol.40 No.7

<P>Single, double and triple trivalent rare-earth (RE3+ = Dy3+, Tm3+, Tm3+/Dy3+ and Tm3+/Dy3+/Eu3+) ions activated Sr2Gd8(SiO4)(6)O-2 (SGSO) phosphors were synthesized by a sol-gel process. X-ray diffraction profiles confirmed their oxyapatite structure after annealing at 1450 degrees C for 12 h. Morphological studies were performed by taking scanning and transmission electron microscopy images, which displayed rod-like shapes. SGSO phosphors exhibited good photoluminescence (PL) properties in the respective regions when doped with Dy3+ and Tm3+ ions. Dy3+ co-activated SGSO: Tm3+ phosphors revealed tunable emissions from cool white light to warm white light towards the yellow region based on the co-activator concentration. However, Eu3+ ions co-doped SGSO: Tm3+/Dy3+ phosphors tuned the emissions towards the red region. The energy transfers from Tm3+ to Dy3+ ions and Tm3+/Dy3+ to Eu3+ ions were established based on the energy level diagram. The cathodoluminescence properties of these phosphors showed excellent emission behavior when the single, double or triple trivalent RE ions were doped into the SGSO host lattice. Unlike the case of the PL, the energy transfer process was observed to take place. The calculated Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage chromaticity coordinates of Tm3+ and Dy3+ individual ion doped SGSO phosphors confirmed the blue and white emissions, while the co-doped samples exhibited tunable emissions.</P>