19세기 프랑스 심포닉 오르간 악파에 관한 연구 : Ch. M. Widor를 중심으로

김효정 가톨릭대학교 교회음악대학원 2007 국내석사

17세기와 18세기를 거쳐오면서 전성기를 꽃피우던 프랑스의 오르간 음악은프랑스 혁명을 계기로 쇠퇴의 길을 걷게 되었다. 프랑스 혁명으로 인해 수많은 오르간이 파괴되었고, 오르간 음악의 주요 후원자였던 궁정과 교회, 귀족 계층의 세력이 약화되며, 그들의 오르간 음악에 대한 지원이 끊겼기 때문이다. 19세기 초에 들어오면서 세속화되어 가볍고 대중적인 성향으로 흐르던 프랑스 오르간 음악은 새로운 전기를 맞이하게 되는데, 이에는 다음과 같은 요인들이 작용하였다. 까바이예 꼴(Aristide Cavaill?-Coll, 1811-1899)은 낭만적, 교향악적 음향과 새로운 장치들을 갖춘, 혁신적인 오르간들을 만들어내었다. 그리고 이 새로운 형태의 오르간의 음향을 충분히 활용할 수 있는 음악을 프랑크(C?sar Franck, 1822-1890)가 작곡하기 시작하였다. 오르간 연주 테크닉 면에서는 벨기에 태생의 르망(Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens, 1823-1881)이 독일 전통에 영향을 받은 페달 테크닉과 레가토를 기본으로 하는 체계적인 연주법으로 프랑스 오르가니스트들의 연주력을 향상시키는 데에 도움을 주었다. 이러한 음악적 토대 위에서 새로운 악파가 파리(Paris)를 중심으로 등장하는데 바로 '심포닉 오르간 악파(the symphonic organ school)'이다. Widor, Guilmant, Vierne, Dupr?등이 이 악파에 속하는 대표적 음악가들이다. 그들이 이끈 프랑스의 심포닉 오르간 악파는 당대의 낭만주의적 이상을 그들의 작품 속에 구현하여 '오르간 심포니'라는 장르를 만들어내었다. 이 오르간 심포니들은 음향, 다이내믹과 효과 면에서 오케스트라와 유사한 관현악적 내지는 교향악적 음악을 구현하였다. 심포닉 오르간 악파는 프랑스 오르간 음악을 부흥시키고, 새로운 음악을 창조했을 뿐만 아니라, 과거의 음악을 재발견하고 보급하는 데에도 노력을 기울였다. 그리하여 바흐(Bach)의 작품들을 비롯한 바로크 음악과 더불어 그레고리오 성가, 르네상스 시대의 무반주 다성음악 등의 교회음악도 그들에 의해 프랑스에서 새로운 조명을 받게 되었다. Charles-Marie Widor는 심포닉 오르간 악파의 설립자이자 그 절정에 섰던 인물이다. 그는 Lemmens의 오르간 연주법을 파리 음악원(Paris Conservatoire)에 보급시켰고, 그가 오르가니스트로 일했던 생 쉴피스(St-Sulpice) 성당의 Cavaill?-Coll 오르간에 영감을 받아 10개의 오르간 심포니들을 작곡하였다. Widor의 초기와 중기의 심포니들은 주로 외향적이고 화려한 연주용의 작품들이었다. 그러나 그의 말기의 심포니들은 그레고리오 성가의 선율들을 주 테마로 등장시키면서 좀더 종교적, 내면적이고 깊이 있는 성격을 드러내고 있다. 심포닉 오르간 악파의 음악가들은 특히 프랑스 혁명 이후 쇠퇴한 교회음악의 쇄신과 부흥을 위하여 노력하였다. 이는 19세기 그레고리오 성가의 부흥 운동과 교회음악의 순수성을 되찾으려는 가톨릭 교회의 움직임과 어우러지는 행보였다. 그들은 그레고리오 성가와 르네상스 시기의 무반주 다성음악에 관심을 가지고 이를 활성화시키고자 노력하였으며, 학교를 세워 교회음악을 교육하는데에 힘을 쏟았다. 또한 그레고리오 성가의 선율을 그들의 오르간 작품들의 테마로 자주 사용하였다. 독일의 오르가니스트들이 루터교의 코랄에 기인한 작품들을 많이 작곡하였다면, 프랑스의 오르가니스트들은 가톨릭의 전통에 바탕을 두고 이로부터 많은 영감을 받았다. 심포닉 오르간 악파의 대표적인 인물인 Widor와 더불어 Guilmant, 그리고 그들의 제자들인 Vierne, Dupr? 등은 전 시대의 가볍고 대중적인 오르간 음악에서 탈피하여 좀더 진지한 음악을 추구하였고, 프랑스 오르간 음악을 다시 부활시키며, 정점에 올려놓았다고 볼 수 있다. The organ music in France, which had reached its peak during the 17th and 18th centuries, started to degenerate after the French Revolution. Due to the Revolution, many organs were vandalized, and the organists lost their sponsors such as the court, aristocrats, and the church. In the early 19th century, the French organ music was light and secular in general, and it didn't seem to be serious artistically. However, there were several turning points that led to the revival of the organ music in France: First, Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens from Belgium offered a systematic approach towards the organ techniques. His methods were influenced by the German style, which made significant contributions in improving organ techniques of French organists; Secondly, Aristide Cavaill?-Coll started to make romantic, symphonic organs with revolutionary equipments; Thirdly, C?sar Franck composed organ pieces that suited the sounds and the equipments of these new organs. Based on these factors, a new school called the symphonic organ school had arrived. Its representative musicians include Widor, Guilmant, Vierne, Dupr?, etc. The French symphonic organ school created genre named organ symphonies expressing the aesthetics of romanticism. Their symphonies resemble the dynamics and sound effects of orchestra, and their musical style was more serious than the one in the former period. The symphonic organ school was not merely a creator of new music, but it also strived to rediscover and propagate the music from the past. Among their interests were Baroque music including Bach's works, gregorian chants, and polyphonic music from the Renaissance period. Ch. M. Widor was one of the founders and the most representative figure of this school. He taught organ classes by Lemmens' methods in the Paris Conservatory, and composed ten organ symphonies inspired by the Cavaill?-Coll organ in the St.. Sulpice church. While his earlier symphonies show his extrovert, splendid style, the symphonies in his latter period have more religious, introvert, and spiritual characteristics, paraphrasing melodies from the gregorian chants. What is noticeable is that all the musicians of this symphonic organ school were organists of Catholic churches. They made efforts in restoring the purity and dignity of the liturgical music. While Lutheran chorals have a lot to do with the German organ music, the French organ music has based its roots on the Catholic liturgical music, that is, the gregorian chants. Along with Widor, his contemporaries such as Guilmant, Vierne, Dupr?, etc. succeeded in reviving the organ music in France and pushing it onto a new level.

The functional anatomy of prehensile and nonprehensile tails of the Platyrrhini (Primates) and Procyonidae (Carnivora)

Organ, Jason Michael The Johns Hopkins University 2008 해외박사(DDOD)

The prehensile tail, one capable of suspending the entire body weight of the animal, evolved independently at least 14 times among 44 genera in 14 mammalian families. This includes the independent (and parallel) evolution of tail prehensility in the platyrrhine subfamily Atelinae (Alouatta, Ateles, Brachyteles, Lagothrix) and in the genus Cebus, as well as the independent evolution in a single genus (Potos) of the Carnivoran family Procyonidae. The numerous instances of prehensile tail evolution in arboreal mammalian taxa suggest that such an adaptation provides an effective locomotor strategy for negotiating arboreal habitats. Yet, despite its importance for balance, feeding behavior, and locomotion, little is known about the structural properties of the prehensile tail, and how these differ in the nonprehensile tail. The mechanical loading that a prehensile tail incurs during suspension suggests that prehensile tail vertebrae should be structured to resist higher bending/torsional moments than nonprehensile tail vertebrae. Similarly, prehensile tail musculature should be structured to generate higher forces than nonprehensile tail musculature. Furthermore, previous research suggests that the disparities in vertebral and muscle structure should become more drastic further distally within the tail. To test these predictions, this study evaluated caudal vertebral cross-sectional geometry, as well as muscle fiber architecture of lateral flexor caudal musculature at three specific tail locations in prehensile- and nonprehensile-tailed platyrrhines and procyonids. Confirming predictions, caudal vertebrae of prehensile-tailed taxa exhibited increased resistance to bending/torsion in each region of the tail compared to nonprehensile tail vertebrae, and the disparities between tail types became more drastic further distally within the vertebral sequence. Likewise, structure of lateral flexor caudal musculature (mm. intertransuersarii caudae) varied between prehensile and nonprehensile tails, where prehensile tail muscles were capable of generating higher forces than their nonprehensile tail homologues. Prehensile-tailed platyrrhines and procyonids exhibited similar patterns in vertebral structure, but comparisons of muscle structure were hampered by small sample sizes. Nevertheless, the presence of similar tail vertebral morphologies in prehensile-tailed taxa from different mammalian Orders demonstrates multiple solutions to the problem of locomoting through Neotropical forests. The fact that these morphologies are quite similar across these different taxonomic groups is remarkable indeed.

Essays in Public Finance and Taxation

Organ, Paul Raymond ProQuest Dissertations & Theses University of Mich 2022 해외박사(DDOD)

This dissertation analyzes individual behavioral responses to tax policy and administration. All three chapters use administrative tax microdata to assess the intended and unintended consequences of policies whose goals are to increase tax compliance or improve tax enforcement and debt collection. Together, these essays expand our understanding of how individuals respond to the tax system, and provide empirical findings that can inform future improvements to that system. The first chapter explores a recent increase in U.S. citizenship renunciation and its connection to tax rules and enforcement. The U.S. tax system applies to its citizens’ worldwide incomes and estates, whether those citizens live in the U.S. or abroad. Fully escaping the U.S. tax system requires dropping U.S. citizenship, and in recent years a growing number of individuals have done so. I use administrative tax microdata to answer three questions: Who is renouncing U.S. citizenship? Why are they renouncing? What are the policy consequences? I show that the recent increase is mainly driven by those who have for many years lived abroad, rather than by individuals leaving the U.S., and that these renunciations are primarily a response to increased compliance costs, not tax liabilities. I also present evidence of a strong response to a net worth threshold affecting the cost of renunciation. I conclude by showing that most of those renouncing had no or little pre-renunciation U.S. tax liability, suggesting their renunciations are likely to have minimal revenue impact. Overall, the evidence shows that the tax system does affect individuals’ citizenship decisions, though renunciations are still relatively uncommon. The second chapter, co-authored with Alex Ruda, Joel Slemrod, and Alex Turk, studies the IRS’ passport certification and revocation process. Traditional penalties for tax noncompliance are financial, but many jurisdictions now also use non-monetary tools, including collateral sanctions that deny access to some government-provided service. To learn about the effectiveness of one such penalty, we examine a U.S. policy restricting passport access for taxpayers with substantial tax debt, known as “certification.” We take advantage of an RCT during the policy rollout and find small but positive effects on taxpayer compliance of the certification notice sent to all eligible taxpayers. We then study a subset of certified taxpayers who were denied a passport-related request and find an immediate and strong positive effect of the denial on compliance actions. The third chapter, co-authored with Chad Angaretis, Brian Galle, and Allen Prohofsky, studies California’s Top 500 tax delinquent publication program. Many U.S. states and countries around the world publicly disclose tax debtors to encourage compliance. Little is known about the effectiveness of these programs. Using administrative tax microdata from California’s “Top 500” disclosure program, we study whether notices of imminent publication affect payment and other compliance outcomes, as well as whether these notices affect subsequent reported earnings. We estimate the direct effect of the letter sent to the 500 highest-balance, publication-eligible taxpayers to be additional revenue of between $2.8 and $7.2 million annually, with no evidence of an impact on subsequent reported earnings. We also estimate an upper bound on the deadweight loss caused by publication of non-compliers, and conclude that the program generates positive net social welfare. Together, these results suggest that delinquent taxpayer disclosure can be an efficient tax enforcement tool, at least among the relatively high-income population we study.

中國의 WTO 加入이 韓·中 經濟 및 우리나라 家電産業에 미치는 影響

이상우 韓國外國語大學校 2002 국내석사

WTO하의 한·중 농산물 교역에 관한 연구

김명원 韓國外國語大學校 2001 국내석사

IMO 國際安全管理規約의 受容 및 履行實態에 관한 硏究

정덕희 韓國外國語大學校 2002 국내석사

中國의 WTO 가입에 따른 中國經濟의 變化와 우리의 對應方案 : 金融業을 中心으로

이치훈 韓國外國語大學校 2002 국내석사