Western Tonal Aesthetics in Kim Min-ki’s Composition

Okon Hwang(황옥곤) 한국대중음악학회 2011 대중음악 Vol.- No.7

미국의 folksong protest movement 의 영향을 받은 대중음악이 한국에 유입이 되면서 1970 년대의 통기타문화를 형성하는 데 지대한 공헌을 했다. 통기타가수의 한 사람으로 고려되고 있는 김민기의 경우를 보면 그 당시의 독재정권을 비판하는 가사의 내용 때문에 그 면에서는 다른 통기타 가수들과는 현저히 다른 성향을 보였다. 하지만 김민기가 만든 노래의 화성 구조를 음악이론적으로 분석하다보면, 그의 음악세계는 서양 화성법적 논리에 철저히 기반을 두고 있음을 알게 된다. 이 논문은 김민기가 1969 년부터 1979년 사이에 작곡한 31 개 노래들의 화성법적 분석을 바탕으로 쓰였다. 화성법의 기본법칙들과 김민기의 노래들을 비교분석하다보면, 그의 초기음악세계의 골격은 I-vi-ii-V라는 화성전개에 근간을 두고 있음을 발견하게 된다. 이 화성전개를 기본으로, 김민기는 여러 가지 화성법 법칙을 이용해 각각의 노래에 따라 변화와 다양성을 부여했다. 김민기가 사용한 화성법적 기술의 몇 가지 예를 들어보자면 modal borrowing, modal change, modal substitution, addition of secondary dominant, insertion of median, use of common chord, elimination of submediant, subordinate harmonic progression 등등을 열거할 수 있다. 특히나 김민기는 이 I-vi-ii-V 라는 기본화성전개를 국부적인 요소에만 활용을 하는 것으로 그치는 것이 아니라 어떠한 경우에는 곡 전체의 기본 틀로 활용하기도 했다. 김민기는 음악을 체계적으로 공부한 사람이 아니다. 그 당시의 다른 젊은이들처럼 서양에서 흘러들어오는 문화와 음악에 수동적으로 반응 했을 뿐이다. 그러한 그가 이렇게 다양한 화성법 법칙들을 자신의 노래에 무의식적으로 현란하게 적용을 할 수 있었다는 점은 참으로 주목할 만한 사항이다. 김민기의 노래를 화성법적으로 분석하다보면, 한편으로는 김민기의 타고난 음악성에 놀라기도 하지만, 또 다른 한편으로는 그 당시의 한국문화 전반이 서양문화의 영향을 얼마나 지대하게 받고 있었는지를 알게 된다. When the U.S. folksong movement of the 1960s was absorbed into Korean culture during the early 1970s, it helped creating a huge cultural phenomenon known as a ‘tong-gita bum (acoustic guitar phenomenon)’1) in South Korea. One of the most influential tong-gita singers of this period was Kim Min-ki. He obtained an acoustic guitar (tong-gita) during the late 1960s and taught himself to master the instrument in the style of the U.S. folksong movement. Soon, he started to compose his own songs and eventually became acquainted with other singers with a similar musical interests, thus helping to create a musical ― and soon expanded to a huge cultural ― phenomenon called ‘tong-gita bum,’ which continues to influence the popular music industry of the present day South Korea. Although the lyrical content of Kim’s early songs during this tong-gita period demonstrated a marked desire to break away from the Western hegemony by emphasizing the ideological struggles of Korean intellectuals, their melodic and harmonic orientations were firmly rooted in Western tonal music theory. This paper will examine the tonal aesthetics of Kim Min-ki’s early compositions written during the 1970s in order to determine the extent to which the Western musical influence subconsciously and thoroughly infiltrated the aural aspect of his compositional output.

Sol-gel synthesis, computational chemistry, and applications of Cao nanoparticles for the remediation of methyl orange contaminated water

Nnabuk Okon Eddy,Rajni Garg,Rishav Garg,Samson I. Eze,Emeka Chima Ogoko,Henrietta Ijeoma Kelle,Richard Alexis Ukpe,Raphael Ogbodo,Favour Chijoke Techno-Press 2023 Advances in nano research Vol.15 No.1

Nanoparticles are known for their outstanding properties such as particle size, surface area, optical and electrical properties. These properties have significantly boasted their applications in various surface phenomena. In this work, calcium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized from periwinkle shells as an approach towards waste management through resource recovery. The sol gel method was used for the synthesis. The nanoparticles were characterized using X-Ray diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infra-Red Spectrophotometer (FTIR), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and ultra violet visible spectrophotometer (UV-visible). While DLS and SEM underestimate the particle diameter, the BET analysis reveals surface area of 138.998 m²/g, pore volume = 0.167 m³/g and pore diameter of 2.47 nm. The nanoparticles were also employed as an adsorbent for the purification of dye (methyl orange) contaminated water. The adsorbent showed excellent removal efficiency (up to 97 %) for the dye through the mechanism of physical adsorption. The adsorption of the dye fitted the Langmuir and Temkin models. Analysis of FTIR spectrum after adsorption complemented with computational chemistry modelling to reveal the imine nitrogen group as the site for the adsorption of the dye unto the nanomaterials. The synthesized nanomaterials have an average particle size of 24 nm, showed a unique XRD peak and is thermally and mechanically stable within the investigated temperature range (30 to 70 ℃).

Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus Bauer and Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB12 on proteolytic changes in dry-cured loins

Anna Okon´,Joanna Stadnik,Zbigniew Jo´zef Dolatowski 한국식품과학회 2017 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.26 No.3

The effect of the potentially probiotic bacteria strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus Bauer and probiotic bacteria Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis BB12 on proteolytic changes of proteins in dry-cured loins during fermentation and cold storage was studied. Results of the conducted tests demonstrated that the use of probiotic bacteria for the production of dry-cured meats impacts the generation of products of protein proteolysis with high antioxidant activity. The highest antioxidant activity of peptides after fermentation and cold storage was observed in the loin with the strain B. animalis ssp. lactis BB12 and the loin with the mixture of strains L. acidophilus Bauer and B. animalis ssp. lactis BB12. Qualitative analysis of peptides demonstrated that peptides with weight below 3.5 kDa are characterized by the highest capacity of quenching the ABTS cation radical, including the peptides in loins with the strain B. animalis ssp. lactis BB12.

Scapular length estimation from anatomical landmarks: an osteometry and radiographic evaluation using regression equations

Sunday Okon Elijah,Aniekan Imo Peter,Akpan Udo Ekanem,Innocent Asuquo Edagha 대한해부학회 2021 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.54 No.1

Estimation of body length has been achieved from the measurements of the scapular with relative accuracy by researches in recent times. This research hypothesized that the landmarks on the scapular and on the x-ray radiographs could be used to predict scapular length and elucidated the landmarks that best estimate the scapular length. A total of 600 scapulae and 600 anterior-posterior x-ray radiographs were used for the study. Positive correlation was observed between the measured variables and the scapular length with the males showing significantly higher mean length compared to females. The length of axillary boarder of the scapula was the best predictor of the scapular length. No significant difference (P>0.05) existed in the mean length derived from the scapular and the x-ray radiographs of scapular. We therefore conclude that measurements from the radiographs of scapular were as reliable in estimating scapular length as those from the scapular bones.

한류, 서양음악, 대중음악 & 가치관의 변화

황옥곤(Okon Hwang) 한국대중음악학회 2010 대중음악 Vol.- No.5

한류로 인해 한국 대중음악인의 사회적 지위는 현저히 향상되었다고 할 만하다. 그러나 한국 내 서양음악인들의 존재는 점점 더 미흡해진 것처럼 보인다. 서양음악인의 양성을 위한 체계적인 교육적 투자와 음악인들에 대한 여러 가지 역사적·사회적 위치를 고려한다면, 최근의 이러한 변화는 상당히 놀라운 현상이다. 한류의 영향과 음악인의 사회적 지위 변화가 한국 사회의 근본적 가치관의 변화를 암시한다고 볼 수도 있다. 근현대 한국 역사에서 서양음악이 다른 음악에 비해 사회적으로 대접을 받게 된 것은 한국인들의 양반화 지향에 근거를 두고 있다고 본다. 드니스 레트(Denise Lett)는 한국인의 지위 추구가 현대 국가 건설 원동력의 근원이라고 분석했지만, 조선시대의 양반같은 사회적 지위를 최고의 목적으로 추구하는 시대는 이제 지난 듯하다. 한류가 한국 대중음악인의 사회적 지위에 끼친 영향을 고찰해보면서, 이러한 현상이 한국 사회 지반의 유동을 어떻게 반영하는지 검토하고자 한다. The Korean Wave refers to the surge in popularity of South Korean culture around the world since the 21st century. Due to the Korean Wave, the status of Korean ‘popular’ musicians has been elevated significantly while Western ‘art’ musicians have become increasingly marginalized. This change is quite surprising since a considerable amount of educational capital has been invested toward the systematic grooming of ‘art’ musicians, while ‘popular’ musicians have historically been treated with disrespect and sometimes contempt. The impact of the Korean Wave and the shifting status of musicians indicate that a fundamental change may be taking place in the South Korean value system. I believe that historical structural forces that assured the cultural supremacy of Western art music within Korea (which placed popular music at the bottom of the cultural hierarchy) were due to the Korean’s zeal to be like the yangbans (the traditional ruling class) of the former era. Although Denise Lett identified the Korean’s pursuit of status to be like the yangbans as one of the major forces that shaped the modern South Korean society, the era when status was perceived as the ultimate goal may finally be over. By examining the impact of the Korean Wave on the status of musicians, my paper intends to demonstrate that this phenomenon may metaphorically serve as a wedge driven into the crack created by the shift of the old and the new cultural and social tectonic plates of South Korea.

Human exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins and organophosphate flame retardants in relation to paired multiple sources

추교진,Okon Dominic Ekpe,김다혜,오정은 환경독성보건학회 2023 한국독성학회 심포지움 및 학술발표회 Vol.2023 No.11

Solution of Klein Gordon Equation for Some Diatomic Molecules with New Generalized Morse-like Potential Using SUSYQM

Isonguyo, Cecilia N.,Okon, Ituen B.,Ikot, Akpan N.,Hassanabadi, Hassan Korean Chemical Society 2014 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.35 No.12

We present the solution of Klein Gordon equation with new generalized Morse-like potential using SUSYQM formalism. We obtained approximately the energy eigenvalues and the corresponding wave function in a closed form for any arbitrary l state. We computed the numerical results for some selected diatomic molecules.

Analysis of Nigeria Research Reactor-1 Thermal Power Calibration Methods

Sunday Arome Agbo,Yusuf Aminu Ahmed,Ita Okon Bassey Ewa,Yahaya Jibrin 한국원자력학회 2016 Nuclear Engineering and Technology Vol.48 No.3

This paper analyzes the accuracy of the methods used in calibrating the thermal power ofNigeria Research Reactor-1 (NIRR-1), a low-power miniature neutron source reactor locatedat the Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. The calibration was performed at three different power levels: low power (3.6 kW), halfpower (15 kW), and full power (30 kW). Two methods were used in the calibration, namely,slope and heat balance methods. The thermal power obtained by the heat balance methodat low power, half power, and full power was 3.7 ± 0.2 kW, 15.2 ± 1.2 kW, and 30.7 ± 2.5 kW,respectively. The thermal power obtained by the slope method at half power and full powerwas 15.8 ± 0.7 kW and 30.2 ± 1.5 kW, respectively. It was observed that the slope method ismore accurate with deviations of 4% and 5% for calibrations at half and full power,respectively, although the linear fit (slope method) on average temperature-rising ratesduring the thermal power calibration procedure at low power (3.6 kW) is not fitting. Assuch, the slope method of power calibration is not suitable at lower power for NIRR-1.

Chronic toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics on reproductive parameters of male rats

Ifenna Ilechukwu,Ben Enoluomen Ehigiator,Inemesit Okon Ben,Chinedu Joseph Okonkwo,Oluwakemi S. Olorunfemi,Uchechukwu Emmanuel Modo,Chibuamam Ezinwanneamaka Ilech,Ngozika Juliet Ohagwa 환경독성보건학회 2022 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.37 No.2

Microplastics have become a significant environmental concern. However, information on toxicity of microplastics in terrestrial organisms is limited. In this study, the chronic toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) on the reproductive system and serum antioxidants of male albino Wistar rats fed for 90 days with standard rat feed containing 1-10% granules of crushed polystyrene disposable plates were evaluated. Significant reductions in volume, motility, epididymal sperm count and serum testosterone level were observed. Histological examination of testicular architecture showed distorted testes with vacuolated seminiferous tubules at the highest percentage, together with increased catalase and decreased superoxide dismutase activities. This study showed that ingestion of PS-MPs caused reproductive dysfunction in male rats and contributes to understanding the potential toxicity of microplastics in terrestrial animals.

Influence of pozzolans on properties of cementitious materials: A review

Garg, Rishav,Garg, Rajni,Eddy, Nnabuk Okon Techno-Press 2021 Advances in nano research Vol.11 No.4

Use of additives/supplementary materials in partial substitution of cement is gaining widespread attention across the world due to the sustainability issue with production of cement. With their pozzolanic activity & filler effect, use of nano-pozzolans such as nano-silica has been proved as quite promising & cost-effective for use as supplementary cementitious materials. This study is aimed at highlighting the effect of partial substitution of cement/addition of various nano-pozzolans on the hydration, strength and microstructure of the cementitious materials. Further, the effect of incorporation of other pozzolans has also been discussed. Comparative account of pozzolanic activity of different pozzolans has also been critically analyzed. It has been found that the cement matrix gets improved in terms of its microstructure by partial substitution of cement/addition of pozzolan in appropriate amount resulting in enhancement of the bulk properties by consumption of portlandite. The improved compressive strength of cementitious materials not only results in enhancement of the durability but also the service life of the construction structures and results in reduction of the cost incurred in maintenance and repair. Thus, the cement demand can be decreased by the partial substitution of cement/addition of such materials. It will result in an ultimate reduction of the greenhouse effect and lead to sustainable development.