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한국, 중국, 일본산 시판 천연발효 쌀식초의 이화학적 품질 및 항산화 활성 비교
정남혁(Namhyeok Chung),조윤희(Yunhee Jo),까오야핑(Yaping Gao),구송이(Song-Yi Gu),정용진(Yong-Jin Jeong),권중호(Joong-Ho Kwon) 한국식품영양과학회 2015 한국식품영양과학회지 Vol.44 No.12
쌀식초(rice vinegar, RV)는 쌀, 찹쌀, 현미 등을 주원료로 발효되며, 쌀을 주식으로 하는 아시아 지역에서 조미료로 이용되어 왔다. 본 연구에서는 한국산(KRV1~4), 중국산(CRV1~2), 일본산(JRV1~4) 시판 천연발효 쌀식초 10종을 구입하여 이들의 품질을 비교하였다. 식초의 적정산도에 대한 나라별 기준은 한국(식품공전) 4~29%, 중국(GB) 3.5% 이상, 일본(JAS) 4.2% 이상으로 10종의 시료는 모두 이 기준을 만족하였고, KRV(5.07~6.27%)가 CRV(4.67~4.84%) 및 JRV(4.64~4.84%)에 비해 유의적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 쌀식초의 주요 유기산으로 acetic acid와 succinic acid를 포함한 6종이 분석되었고 유리아미노산으로 30종이 분석되었으며, 한국산의 경우 alanine, 중국산의 경우 phenylalanine과 aspartic acid, 일본산의 경우 leucine 과 alanine이 주요 성분으로 확인되었다. 한편 생리활성물질인 γ-aminobutyric acid는 KRV1에서 유의적으로 높게 분석되었다. 총 폴리페놀은 KRV1에서 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 이 시료의 DPPH 및 ABTS 라디칼 소거 활성 또한 유의적으로 높게 확인되었다. 천연발효 쌀식초의 이화학적 품질은 원료의 종류 및 함량, 발효방법, 숙성 여부에 따라 차이를 나타내었고, 현미를 사용하여 1년 이상 정치발효 한 KRV1에서 가장 높은 아미노산 함량 및 항산화 활성이 확인되었다. Rice vinegar (RV) is primarily made from fermented rice or rice wine in Korea, China, and Japan. Ten commercially available naturally-fermented rice vinegars produced in Korea (KRV1∼4), China (CRV1∼2), and Japan (JRV1∼4) were comparatively investigated for their physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities. KRV showed a significantly higher total acidity range (5.07∼6.27) than both CRV (4.67∼4.84) and JRV (4.64∼4.84). These acidity ranges corresponded with respective standards of each country: Korea (Food Code), China (GB), and Japan (JAS). Six different organic acids were detected in RVs; acetic acid and succinic acid were the most prominent. Thirty different amino acids were detected in RVs, and main identified amino acids were alanine (KRV), phenylalanine and aspartic acid (CRV), and leucine and alanine (JRV). γ-Aminobutyric acid was detected at high concentration in KRV1. KRV1 showed maximum total phenolic content, and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of samples were also determined with significantly increasing tendency. KRV1 (produced from brown rice with aging period of >1 year) exhibited the highest free amino acid content and antioxidant activity as compared to CRV and JRV.
Jo, Yunhee,Chung, Namhyeok,Park, Su won,Noh, Bong Soo,Jeong, Yong-Jin,Kwon, Joong-Ho Korean Society of Food Science and Technology 2016 Food Science and Biotechnology Vol.25 No.5
The combined approach of E-senses was undertaken to discriminate the taste and aroma profiles of aged vinegars, including Chinese Shanxi extra aged vinegar (EX, 5-8 years), Japanese black vinegar (BL, 1-5 years), and Italian balsamic vinegar (BA, 8-25 years). The principal component analysis plot for E-tongue revealed that EX, BL, and BA formed individual groups with clear distinctions. The volatile compounds detected in E-nose based on Kovats indices represented that a major component in all vinegars was matched to acetic acid, which showed a strong relationship with the aging period (R=0.8186-0.9998). The discriminant function analysis plot accompanied by the MS-E-nose indicated that more volatiles were produced during prolonged aging in cereal vinegar, whereas the aging process degraded volatile constituents in fruit vinegar. Categorization with respect to aging years was possible using both E-noses. The approach using E-senses indicated a better discrimination for distinguishing the complex sensory information in aged vinegars.
Yaping Gao,Yunhee Jo,Namhyeok Chung,Song-Yi Gu,Yong-Jin Jeong,Joong-Ho Kwon 한국식품영양과학회 2017 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.22 No.1
Physicochemical properties of Fujian Yongchun aged vinegar (FYAV) and Shanxi mature vinegar (SMV) were compared in terms of the fermentation methods applied and aging periods (3, 5, 8, and 10 years), and combined E-nose/E-tongue analyses were performed to assess their flavors. Compared with submerged fermentation-derived FYAV, solid-state fermentation-derived SMV showed higher values of pH, brix, soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity, but not total acidity or total organic acids. Aging period resulted in an increase in pH, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis based on E-tongue/E-nose analyses was performed to distinguish between the vinegars produced by different fermentation methods and under aging periods. Solid-state fermentation and an aging process were considered good techniques for vinegar brewing, considering the various organic acids and high levels of total phenolics and antioxidant activity.
Gao, Yaping,Jo, Yunhee,Chung, Namhyeok,Gu, Song-Yi,Jeong, Yong-Jin,Kwon, Joong-Ho The Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition 2017 Preventive Nutrition and Food Science Vol.22 No.1
Physicochemical properties of Fujian Yongchun aged vinegar (FYAV) and Shanxi mature vinegar (SMV) were compared in terms of the fermentation methods applied and aging periods (3, 5, 8, and 10 years), and combined E-nose/E-tongue analyses were performed to assess their flavors. Compared with submerged fermentation-derived FYAV, solid-state fermentation-derived SMV showed higher values of pH, brix, soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity, but not total acidity or total organic acids. Aging period resulted in an increase in pH, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. Principal component analysis based on E-tongue/E-nose analyses was performed to distinguish between the vinegars produced by different fermentation methods and under aging periods. Solid-state fermentation and an aging process were considered good techniques for vinegar brewing, considering the various organic acids and high levels of total phenolics and antioxidant activity.